Obtaining electrical characteristics of a PV module by FPGA based experimental system

Electrical characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) modules are significant for using in PV array and standalone applications. Therefore, when designing a PV system, these characteristics must be considered. Some methods are developed to achieve the electrical characteristics of PV modules and one of them is using a capacitor where it is connected to output of the PV module as a load. This method based on measuring the current and voltage of the capacitor during its charging. Thus, the electrical characteristics of the module can be obtained by using these measurements. In this article, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based method with using a capacitor is proposed to get electrical characteristics of the PV module. The method firstly simulated in Matlab-Simulink environment and promising results are obtained. Then, the method is performed by the FPGA based experimental system. At the same time, to prove experimental results, the electrical characteristics are derived by using an electronic load device. The experimental results show that the electrical characteristics can be accurately obtained by the proposed method.     

Numerical investigation of thermal and electrical management during hydrogen reversible solid-state storage using a novel heat exchanger based on thermoelectric modules

In order to reduce the costs generated by the hydrogen solid storage tank's accessories such as the heat exchanger, this work was carried out. It shows thermal and electrical investigations of transient hydrogen (H₂) solid storage in a tank filled with porous medium (LaNi₅) to activate a potential PEM automotive fuel cell. For this purpose, we use a novel heat exchanger with a heat sink combined with thermoelectric modules (TEMs). We realize a simulation that helps us verify if thermoelectric exchanger will be an alternative to the conventional ones. The main results are that a thermoelectric cooler and heater with 127 couples of semiconductors coupled with 19 fins heat sink could be used during the reversible hydrogen solid storage. Also, results show that we can avoid the water freezing at negative temperatures when using a conventional heat exchanger by using TEM during hydrogen absorption. Finally, during the endothermic desorption of the hydrogen, TEG use can avoid boiling water used in the heating system. Also, the hydrogen tank will be lighter and compact without fins and water tubes.     

基于垂直腔面发射激光器的高速率并行光发射模块

报道了关于并行光发射模块的设计与制作.优化设计、制作并测试了12信道并行光发射模块,单信道传输速率可达3Gbit/s.采用波长为850nm的垂直腔面发射激光器作光源,激光器与驱动电路芯片直接用金丝连接.输出光束直接耦合进入12信道的光纤阵列中.采用小型化可插拔封装结构以便在应用中实现热插拔.模块的测试结果表明,在8mA的工作电流下,测到3Gbit/s的清晰眼图.     

柔性直流输电功率模块过压保护误动原因分析及优化

针对鲁西柔性直流输电工程中换流器频繁发生功率模块过压保护误动的情况,提出一种防范功率模块过压保护误动的优化策略。分析功率模块在故障前后及旁路开关闭合前后的工作原理,剖析保护误动案例,阐述功率模块过压保护策略存在的电压测量采样异常导致换流器跳闸的风险,提出增加判断旁路开关是否发生拒动的防误判据。该优化策略在功率模块控制板中实现,可有效避免阀控层设备误判、误动作的风险。通过仿真验证了所提优化策略的有效性和可行性,目前该策略已在鲁西柔性直流输电工程中实际应用,取得了良好的效果。     

变电站直流电源系统现状与展望

变电站直流电源系统从20世纪90年代开始采用高频开关电源装置,距今已经20多年历史,虽然目前已经有发展较为成熟的成套系统如GZDW系列高频开关直流电源,但是仍存在谐波含量大、充电模块故障率高和智能化程度不高等问题。而且目前半导体器件已经发展到第三代的宽禁带半导体器件,变电站直流电源系统却仍停留于第一代硅器件的应用阶段,总体发展进程缓慢。针对变电站直流电源系统及其各模块现状进行研究,具体分析了诸如高性能充电模块、均流技术、谐波与功率因数校正等关键部分所存在的问题,并结合当今技术的潮流提出了对新一代变电站直流电源系统的展望。     

Solar stills for production of distilled water

Solar stills have been designed to produce water for use in teaching and research laboratories. Various designs and configurations have been constructed and tested over the past 10 years. The original double-surfaced cascade stills (stills A and B) were constructed in aluminium and were rather expensive. Later models termed Series D and E were of galvanised mild steel with stainless steel distillate drains and safety overflow drains. These galvanised steel units suffered from severe corrosion after a few years of operation. The latest design series F, is built in aluminium with stainless steel distillate drains and automatic feed valves. All of the stills produce very pure distilled water (conductance ～1.5 × 10^?6 Ω^?1 cm^?1; pH 6.8–7.4) at a cost which is below that of conventional electrically heated stills.     

光伏组件作为建筑表皮时的美学语言

以建筑美学作为了解光伏建筑设计的切入点,利用设计学三大构成分析光伏组件的美学特性,进行运用形式美规律分析组件与建筑设计的一些处理手法,以期为涉足光伏建筑领域的设计师提供参考。     

等效变形模量的非线性特征分析

在瞬时沉降或最终沉降计算中，都要用到土的变形模量Ｅ０，由于室内试验和原位测试方面存在的困难，过去对变形模量研究的报导有限。本文用载荷试验结果证明了变形模量具有非线性特征。在此基础上，通过北京地区三类土的原位平板载荷试验的压力－变形曲线的数学表达式及其特征值分析了等效变形模量Ｅ０，ｅｑ随压力的变化特征，并推导出相应的表达式。     

The shear strength of nano-Ag sintered joints and the use of Ag interconnects in the design and manufacture of SiGe-based thermo-electric modules

Thermo-electric modules (TEMs) can be used to convert heat into electricity by utilizing the Seeback effect. It is now possible to buy BiTe thermo-electric modules that can operate up to temperatures of around 300 °C. However, many applications, such as the harvesting of excess gas turbine heat, may occur at higher temperatures. Therefore, new materials and manufacturing processes need to be developed to produce packaged TEMs that can operate at a maximum operating temperature of 650 °C. Two critical areas in the manufacture of a SiGe TEM are the choice and strength of materials used to both sintered joint the TE material to the rest of the module and the metal used for the interconnects. The interconnection material needs to be sufficiently strong to withstand large temperature fluctuations while maintaining a low contact resistance, as well as being compatible with the nano-Ag sintered joint. Shear force tests of the sintered thermo electrical leg material showed that the joints are brittle when sintered to W metallized AlN substrates are used and ductile fracture behavior when sintered to Cu metallized AlN substrates using the NanoTach K nano silver paste. Almost all of the joints were found to be brittle when using the NachTach X nano silver paste. Shear testing of the sintered joints showed that the X paste joints were variable in strength and stiffness, having a typical Young’s modulus between 10 and 100 MPa at room temperature. The K paste joints were stiffer, but had a similar strength as compared to the X paste joints.     

Fast power cycling protocols implemented in an automated test bench dedicated to IGBT module ageing

This paper presents fast test protocols for ageing IGBT modules in power cycling conditions, and a monitoring device that tracks the on-state voltage V_CE and junction temperature T_J of IGBTs during ageing test operations. This device is implemented in an ageing test bench described in previous papers, but which has since been modified to perform fast power cycling tests.The fast test protocols described here use the thermal variations imposed on IGBT modules by a test bench operating under Pulse Width Modulation conditions. This test bench reaches the maximal values of power cycling frequencies attainable with a given module packaging in order to optimize test duration.The measurement device monitors V_CE throughout the ageing test that is needed to detect possible degradations of wire bonds and/or emitter metallization. This requires identifying small V_CE variations (a few dozen mV). In addition, the thermal swing amplitude of power cycling must be adjusted to achieve a given ageing protocol. This requires measuring junction temperature evolution on a power cycle, which is carried out by means of V_CE measurement at a low current level (100 mA).Experimental results demonstrate the flexibility of this test bench with respect to various power cycling conditions, as well as the feasibility of the proposed on-line monitoring methods.