4-Methyl-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene,a Major Active Metabolite of Bisphenol A,Triggers Pancreatic β-Cell Death via a JNK/AMPKα Activation-Regulated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptotic Pathway

4-methyl-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene (MBP), a major active metabolite of bisphenol A (BPA), is generated in the mammalian liver. Some studies have suggested that MBP exerts greater toxicity than BPA. However, the mechanism underlying MBP-induced pancreatic β-cell cytotoxicity remains largely unclear. This study demonstrated the cytotoxicity of MBP in pancreatic β-cells and elucidated the cellular mechanism involved in MBP-induced β-cell death. Our results showed that MBP exposure significantly reduced cell viability, caused insulin secretion dysfunction, and induced apoptotic events including increased caspase-3 activity and the expression of active forms of caspase-3/-7/-9 and PARP protein. In addition, MBP triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as indicated by the upregulation of GRP 78, CHOP, and cleaved caspase-12 proteins. Pretreatment with 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA; a pharmacological inhibitor of ER stress) markedly reversed MBP-induced ER stress and apoptosis-related signals. Furthermore, exposure to MBP significantly induced the protein phosphorylation of JNK and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α. Pretreatment of β-cells with pharmacological inhibitors for JNK (SP600125) and AMPK (compound C), respectively, effectively abrogated the MBP-induced apoptosis-related signals. Both JNK and AMPK inhibitors also suppressed the MBP-induced activation of JNK and AMPKα and of each other. In conclusion, these findings suggest that MBP exposure exerts cytotoxicity on β-cells via the interdependent activation of JNK and AMPKα, which regulates the downstream apoptotic signaling pathway.     

液相色谱法同时测定除草剂中乙草胺、异噁草酮和2,4-滴丁酯的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定除草剂中异噁草酮、乙草胺和2,4-滴丁酯的含量。方法试样经甲醇溶解,采用ODS-2反相色谱柱,以甲醇/乙腈/氨水溶液(42:42:16,V:V:V)为流动相,对试样中异噁草酮、乙草胺和2,4-滴丁酯进行分离,流速1.0 m L/min,柱温40℃,紫外检测器检测波长为235 nm,外标法定量。结果在测定浓度范围内,乙草胺,异噁草酮和2,4-滴丁酯标准溶液质量浓度与峰面积均呈现出良好的线性关系(r0.9998),对同一样品重复测定5次,变异系数分别为0.33%、0.44%和0.41%,该方法平均加标回收率为98.6%~102.8%,变异系数为0.28%~0.45%。结论该方法简便、快捷、精密度和准确度高、线性关系好,适用于同时测定除草剂中异噁草酮、乙草胺和2,4-滴丁酯含量。     

2,4-Dichlorophenol molecularly imprinted two-dimensional photonic crystal hydrogels

A novel molecularly imprinted two-dimensional (2-D) photonic crystal hydrogels (MIPH) for sensitive and label-free recognition of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) was prepared. The 2-D photonic crystal template was fabricated by using air-water interface self-assembly method. And then the template was embedded with molecularly imprinted polymer, which was synthesized with 2,4-DCP as imprinted molecules, dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent, acrylic acid and acrylamide as functional monomers, N,N-methylene bis acrylamide as cross-linker, azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. The imprinted molecules were removed by 0.01 M ammonia solution. The results indicated that the 2,4-DCP molecularly imprinted 2-D photonic crystal hydrogels has good response and recognition ability to 2,4-DCP. When the molar ratio of cross-linking density of MIPH is 2.3% and the molar ratio of imprinting molecule is 5.0%, the change of Debye ring diameter is the largest. The diameter of Debye ring increased by 7.1 mm when the concentration of 2,4-DCP changed from 0 to 1 × 10⁻⁶ M, and the particle spacing of MIPH reduced 38 nm. In addition, the diameter of the Debye ring hardly changed in the solution of analogues of 2,4-DCP such as, phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and so on, indicating that the MIPH has highly sensitivity and specificity.     

Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO2 composite in aqueous solution under solar irradiation

Nanosized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO₂ composite and neat TiO₂ photocatalysts were synthesized by sol-gel technique using tetrabutyl titanate as a precursor. The as prepared photocatalysts were characterized using XRD, SEM, FTIR and UV-vis spectra. The samples were evaluated for their photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) under solar irradiation. The results indicated that the addition of an appropriate amount of MWCNTs could remarkably improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂. An optimal MWCNTs:TiO₂ ratio of 0.05% (w/w) was found to achieve the maximum rate of DNP degradation. The effects of pH, irradiation time, catalyst concentration, DNP concentration, etc. on the photocatalytic activity were studied and the results obtained were fitted to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model to study the degradation kinetics. The optimal conditions were an initial DNP concentration of 38.8 mg/L at pH 6.0 with catalyst concentration of 8 g/L under solar irradiation for 150 min with good recyclisation of catalyst. The degree of photocatalytic degradation of DNP increased with an increase in temperature. The MWCNTs/TiO₂ composite was found to be very effective in the decolorization and COD reduction of real wastewater from DNP manufacturing. Thus, this study showed the feasible and potential use of MWCNTs/TiO₂ composite in degradation of various toxic organic contaminants and industrial effluents.     

Contribution of the ozonation pre-treatment to the biodegradation of aqueous solutions of 2,4-dichlorophenol

The effect of ozonation on the biodegradability of 100-ppm aqueous solutions of 2,4-dichlorophenol has been investigated. BOD at 5, 10 and 21 days, BOD/COD and BOD/TOC ratios and the average oxidation state are presented. Biodegradability measured as BOD₅/COD ratio was increased from 0 of the original solution to 0.25 at the moment of removing all the initial compound (corresponding to an ozone dose of 0.12 g L⁻¹, 0.48 for BOD₂₁/COD ratio). To test the effect of this pre-treatment, the biological oxidation of these pre-ozonated solutions was performed in two semi-continuous stirred tank reactors, one with non-acclimated sludge and one with acclimated-to-phenol sludge. The study showed that the TOC content of the pre-treated solution could be removed up to 68% by an aerobic biological treatment as well as co-digested with municipal wastewater (TOC removal up to 82%), with similar operating retention times to a municipal wastewater plant (12-24 h). Kinetic studies based on Monod model have also been carried out. Pseudo-first-order kinetic constants were found to be in the range of 0.5-0.8 L g TVSS⁻¹ h⁻¹.     

纳米固体酸的制备及2,4,N-三硝基苯胺基乙酸的合成

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了新型的纳米固体超强酸催化剂TiO2/SO42-,并用酸碱滴定、XRD、TEM进行了表征。结果表明,所研制的TiO2/SO24-催化剂为晶态纳米粒子,分散性较好,平均粒径为27nm。以纳米固体酸TiO2/SO24-为催化剂,氯苯和氨基乙酸为原料直接合成了2,4,N-三硝基苯胺基乙酸(TNAA),收率为71.6%。最宜工艺条件:氯苯为0.2mol,催化剂为0.7g,氨基乙酸为0.07mol,硝酸为0.08mol,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为3h。催化剂焙烧温度600℃,催化剂重复使用8次仍保持较高活性。     

DNAN降低DNTF冲击波感度研究

通过冲击波感度、红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电镜等试验,研究了3,4-二硝基氧化呋咱(DNTF)、二硝基茴香醚(DNAN)以及不同比例DNTF/DNAN共熔物冲击波感度的变化情况,从其红外谱图、晶面间距和晶体形貌的变化规律分析了DNAN降低DNTF冲击波感度的机理。研究结果表明,加入DNAN能够有效降低DNTF的冲击波感度,DNAN质量为20%左右综合性能较好,降低冲击波感度的同时,不产生晶体缺陷。     

Synthesis, Thermal Stability and Sensitivity of 2, 4-Dinitroimidazole

Pursuing new insensitive high explosive (IHE) is the main research hot-point in explosive field. Nitroimidazole compounds were mainly studied in the medicine chemistry in the past[1-2], seldom seen as the components of explosives and propellants. But now, several nitroimidazole compounds, such as 2, 4-dinitroimidazole (2, 4-DNI), 2, 4, 5-trinitroimidazole (2, 4, 5-TNI) and 1-methyl-2, 4, 5-trinitroimidazole (MTNI) etc are found to be the important intermediates of synthesizing new high explosives or itself possessing excellent explosive performances[3-5]. This paper introduces the synthesis, especially the experimental thermal stability, sensitivity and security of 2, 4-dinitroimidazole (2, 4-DNI).