氮杂环卡宾-钯功能化的配位聚合物（NHC-Pd@Zn-L）：合成、表征及催化Suzuki-Miyaura交叉偶联反应

以\mathrm{1,3}-二(1-羧乙基)咪唑盐(HL)和Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O反应合成二维配位聚合物[Zn(L)₂] _n (Zn-L)，产物再与K₂PdCl₄在四氢呋喃溶液中反应引入氮杂环卡宾-钯（NHC-Pd）催化位点，制得催化剂NHC-Pd@Zn-L，并通过PXRD、TGA、ICP、SEM、EDS和XPS进行表征。结果表明，NHC-Pd@Zn-L具有良好的热稳定性且修饰后晶体的框架结构没有发生变化，Pd以NHC-Pd的形式结合在Zn-L中，并均匀分散在配位聚合物中。将NHC-Pd@Zn-L用于催化Suzuki-Miyaura交叉偶联反应，当以苯硼酸和溴苯为底物，催化剂用量为15 mg，乙醇为溶剂，碳酸钾为碱的条件下60℃反应6 h，产率达到>99%，而且催化剂易于回收并可循环使用3次。     

Gold(I)‐Catalysed Cyclisation of Alkynoic Acids: Towards an Efficient and Eco‐Friendly Synthesis of γ‐, δ‐ and ϵ‐Lactones

The improved synthesis of γ‐, δ‐ and ϵ‐lactones using a dinuclear N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐gold(I) catalyst is reported. This solvent‐free process provides access to γ‐ and δ‐lactones in high regio‐ and stereoselectivity. Reactions were performed at low catalyst loadings and without the need for any additives. The use of a digold pre‐catalyst provides a new synthetic route to functionalised ϵ‐lactones, poorly accessible using previous methodologies.

     

氮杂环卡宾-钯功能化的配位聚合物（NHC-Pd@Zn-L）：合成、表征及催化Suzuki-Miyaura交叉偶联反应

以\mathrm{1,3}-二(1-羧乙基)咪唑盐(HL)和Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O反应合成二维配位聚合物[Zn(L)₂] _n (Zn-L),产物再与K₂PdCl₄在四氢呋喃溶液中反应引入氮杂环卡宾-钯（NHC-Pd）催化位点,制得催化剂NHC-Pd@Zn-L,并通过PXRD、TGA、ICP、SEM、EDS和XPS进行表征。结果表明,NHC-Pd@Zn-L具有良好的热稳定性且修饰后晶体的框架结构没有发生变化,Pd以NHC-Pd的形式结合在Zn-L中,并均匀分散在配位聚合物中。将NHC-Pd@Zn-L用于催化Suzuki-Miyaura交叉偶联反应,当以苯硼酸和溴苯为底物,催化剂用量为15 mg,乙醇为溶剂,碳酸钾为碱的条件下60℃反应6 h,产率达到>99%,而且催化剂易于回收并可循环使用3次。     

一种新型3-芳基咪唑卡宾前体的合成

以3,5-二三氟甲基苯胺、乙二醛、甲醛、氯化铵和氯化苄或1-溴癸烷为原料,经缩合、亲核取代反应得到氯化1-苄基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑盐和溴化1-癸基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑盐,收率分别达59.0%和76.6%;通过氯化1-苄基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑盐和溴化1-癸基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑盐的阴离子交换反应得到4种目标产物:1-苄基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑四氟硼酸盐、1-癸基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑四氟硼酸盐、1-苄基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑六氟磷酸盐和1-癸基-3-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基咪唑六氟磷酸盐,产物结构通过1HNMR、13CNMR得以确认。考察了溶剂对亲核取代反应的影响,得出最佳反应溶剂为甲苯。     

双(咪唑啉-2-亚胺)吡啶钯配合物的合成及其配位结构的研究

合成了一种未见报道的新型双(咪唑啉-2-亚胺)钯配合物,在合成过程中优化了传统的原料合成路线,得到的配体通过1H NMR进行了表征,配体结构中含有两个具有强推电子效应的氮杂环卡宾,钯配合物的空间配位结构通过X-Ray单晶衍射分析确定。单晶分析结果显示,该配合物的金属中心与三个氮原子配位,原本与金属原子相连的氯原子从金属中心脱落,以配位的形式存在于配合物晶体的晶胞结构中,咪唑啉环所在平面与吡啶环平面呈接近九十度的夹角,使得咪唑啉环很好的包围了金属中心。     

All-carbon N-heterocyclic Carbene-catalyzed (3+2) Annulation using Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes

Donor-acceptor cyclopropanes are known to serve as dipole precursors capable of engaging in (3+2) annulations with electron-deficient π-systems. In 2013, the reaction of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes with α,β-unsaturated acyl fluorides in an all-carbon (3+2) annulation was discovered. The reaction proceeds in good yields using the IMes NHC to provide diastereomerically pure β-lactone-fused cyclopentanes bearing four contiguous stereocentres. Subsequent studies demonstrated that N-t-butyl substituted homochiral morpholinone NHCs allowed the reaction to be achieved in up to 98 % ee. In this account, a background to this reaction is introduced, along with a complete account of the strengths, limitations and challenges encountered while developing this chemistry.     

N-杂环卡宾催化醛的酯化反应研究

介绍了氮杂环卡宾作为有机催化剂的发展历史和催化机理,综述了近年来氮杂环卡宾催化醛的酯化反应的研究成果。     

运用C-N偶联反应高效合成N-杂环卡宾前体

以苯硼酸、咪唑和卤代物为原料,CuI为催化剂,运用C-N偶联反应高效合成N-杂环卡宾(NHC)前体。利用GC和NMR等方法探讨了苯硼酸上不同取代基的电子效应及位阻效应对合成反应的影响,以及烷基化过程中卤代烷基上烷基的位阻效应对生成NHC前体的影响。实验结果表明,利用苯硼酸与咪唑上的仲N发生C-N偶联反应合成NHC前体,可拓展NHC取代基的种类。带给电子基团的取代基更易发生C-N偶联反应,且位阻越小越易发生。对C-N偶联反应产物进行烷基化时,使用碘代烷烃且烷基位阻较小时可增加反应几率。     

Preparation of Titanocene–Gold Compounds Based on Highly Active Gold(I)-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Anticancer Agents: Preliminary in vitro Studies in Renal and Prostate Cancer Cell Lines

Heterometallic titanocene-based compounds containing gold(I)-phosphane fragments have been extremely successful against renal cancer in vitro and in vivo. The exchange of phosphane by N-heterocyclic carbene ligands to improve or modulate their pharmacological profile afforded bimetallic complexes effective against prostate cancer, but less effective against renal cancer in vitro. Herein we report the synthesis of new bimetallic Ti–Au compounds by the incorporation of two previously reported highly active gold(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene fragments derived from 4,5-diarylimidazoles. The two new compounds [(η⁵-C₅H₅)₂TiMe(μ-mba)Au(NHC)] (where NHC=1,3-dibenzyl-4,5-diphenylimidazol-2-ylidene, NHC-Bn 2 a ; or 1,3-diethyl-4,5-diphenylimidazol-2-ylidene, NHC-Et 2 b ) with the dual linker (-OC(O)-p-C₆H₄-S-) containing both a carboxylate and a thiolate group were evaluated in vitro against renal and prostate cancer cell lines. The compounds were found to be more cytotoxic than previously described Ti–Au compounds containing non-optimized gold(I)-N-heterocyclic fragments. We present studies to evaluate their effects on cell death pathways, migration, inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line. The results show that the incorporation of a second metallic fragment such as titanocene into biologically active gold(I) compounds improves their pharmacological profile.     

对N-杂环卡宾催化的Staudinger反应的研究

以N-杂环卡宾催化剂1催化亚胺与烯酮之间的Staudinger反应,得到相应的β-内酰胺。室温下,在四氢呋喃溶剂中进行的反应,可得到95%的产率,反式∶顺式=5∶1的非对映选择性。实验结果表明,亚胺的保护基团吸电子能力越强,越有利于顺式产物的生成。对甲苯磺酰基(TS)保护的取代基为2,4-二甲氧苯基的亚胺参与的该反应可得到68%的产率,反式∶顺式=99∶1的非对映选择性。底物拓展过程中发现Staudinger反应适用于多种不同的亚胺与烯酮。苯基乙基烯酮和环庚基的烯酮活性都很强,可以和从强缺电子结构到弱缺电子结构的芳基亚胺,以及带给电子基团的或杂芳环的芳基亚胺顺利的反应。两个苯基的烯酮活性较低,只能与活性较高的缺电子结构的芳基亚胺反应。值得注意的是,在相同条件下,烷基亚胺参与的该反应都没能得到相应的β-内酰胺。