Effect of Newtonian heating/cooling on free convection in an annular permeable region in the presence of heat source/sink

The influence of Newtonian heating/cooling in the presence of heat source/sink has been investigated on laminar free convective flow in a vertical annular permeable region. The mathematical model for the problem has been considered as a boundary value problem consisting of two simultaneous ordinary differential equations. The boundary value problem has been transformed to nondimensional form. This has given rise to a number of parameters representing both geometrical and physical features of the problem. Closed‐form analytical solutions of the governing equations have been obtained for two different cases of internal heat generation/absorption. To assess the effects of governing parameters on the fluid velocity and temperature, a number of profiles of these field variables have been presented. The efficacy of the distinct processes on the field variables has been discussed extensively. The main outcome obtained in this study is that the velocity as well as temperature is enhanced in the case of the Newtonian heating while the opposite behavior occurs in the Newtonian cooling for both cases of source and sink. Furthermore, the influence of the governing parameters has been shown on the skin friction, volume flow rate, and the Nusselt number.     

Numerical studies on heat and fluid flow of nanofluid in a partially heated vertical annulus

A numerical investigation on natural convective heat transfer of nanofluid (Al₂O₃+water) inside a partially heated vertical annulus of high aspect ratio (352) has been carried out. The computational fluid dynamics solver Ansys Fluent is used for simulation and results are presented for various volume fraction of nanoparticles (0‐0.04) at different heat flux values (3‐12 kW/m²). Two well‐known correlations for evaluating thermal conductivity and viscosity have been used. Thus different combinations of the available correlations have been set to form four models (I, II, III, and IV). Therefore, a detailed analysis has been executed to identify effects of thermophysical properties on heat transfer and fluid flow of nanofluids using different models. The results show enhancement in heat transfer coefficient with volume fraction of nanoparticles. Highest enhancement achieved is found to be 14.17% based on model III, while the minimum is around 7.27% based on model II. Dispersion of nanoparticles in base fluid declines the Nusselt number and Reynolds number with different rates depending on various models. A generalized correlation is proposed for Nusselt number of nanofluids in the annulus in terms of volume fraction of nanoparticles, Rayleigh number, Reynolds number, and Prandtl number.     

A comparison of different geometrical elements to model fluid wicking in paper-based microfluidic devices

Recently, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have outstripped polymeric microfluidic devices in the ease of fabrication and simplicity. Surface tension-based fluid motion in the paper's porous structure has made the paper a suitable substrate for multiple biological assays by directing fluid into multiple assay zones. The widespread assumption in most works for modeling wicking in a paper is that the paper is a combination of capillaries with the same diameter equal to the effective pore diameter. Although assuming paper as a bundle of capillaries gives a good insight into pressure force that drives the fluid inside the paper, there are some difficulties using the effective pore radius. The effective pore radius is totally different from the average geometrical pore radius which makes it impossible to predict wicking in μPADs based on geometrical parameters. In this article, we introduce different analytical and numerical models to investigate the possibility of determining the permeability of the paper, based on geometrical parameters rather than effective parameters. The lattice Boltzmann method is used for numerical simulations. The permeability of each of the proposed models was compared with the experimental permeability. Results indicated that assuming paper as a combination of capillaries and annuluses leads to accurate results that totally depend on average geometrical values rather than effective values. This paves the way for prediction of the fluid wicking only by considering average geometrical pore and fiber diameters.     

煤层气直井井筒环空压力模型

为实现煤层气直井排采各阶段井筒环空压力分布的计算,为煤层气井的控压排采提供指导。结合国内煤层气井的生产实际,研究了以油管排水、环空产气为生产方式的煤层气直井,在排采各阶段的井筒内流体分布状态。提出了环空内的纯液流仅出现于煤层气解吸产出前;气液两相流阶段的环空内仅产生泡状流与段塞流;环空内气体上升不携液。基于此,采用水动力学方法,建立了3个井筒环空压力模型,分别为环空液体单相压力模型、环空气液两相压力模型以及环空气体单相压力模型,并给出了模型间的过渡条件及模型求解步骤,从而实现煤层气直井排采各阶段的环空压力分布计算。经41口井、共71组实测数据验证,所建立的3个环空压力模型,其计算结果与实测值的平均误差依次为:2. 70%,7. 96%及3. 80%,对煤层气直井井筒环空压力的计算具有一定准确性与实用性。     

连续油管压裂技术在辽河外围低渗油藏的应用

连续油管水力喷射压裂是解决纵向多层压裂难题的有效手段。通过对连续油管水力喷射环空压裂技术的原理、工艺流程、摩阻、优缺点评价等方面进行分析,认为这种环空加砂压裂通过连续油管内喷砂射孔与环空加砂相结合的方式拓展了连续油管的应用深度,提高了连续油管的利用率,降低了对水力喷射喷嘴寿命的要求,提高了连续油管压裂的排量限制,从而使连续油管具有更高的现场适用性。辽河油田采用国内自主连续油管设备、井下工具,自主设计、组织实施了一次连续油管水力喷射环空加砂分段压裂,取得了良好的效果,获得了大量的宝贵经验。     

Experimental investigation of multiphase flow behavior in drilling annuli using high speed visualization technique

Imaging with high definition video camera is an important technique to visualize the drilling conditions and to study the physics of complex multiphase flow associated with the hole cleaning process. The main advantage of visualizing multiphase flow in a drilling annulus is that the viewer can easily distinguish fluid phases, flow patterns and thicknesses of cutting beds. In this paper the hole cleaning process which involves the transportation of cuttings through a horizontal annulus was studied. The two-phase (solid-liquid) and the three-phase (solid-liquid-gas) flow conditions involved in this kind of annular transportation were experimentally simulated and images were taken using a high definition camera. Analyzing the captured images, a number of important parameters like velocities of different phases, heights of solid beds and sizes of gas bubbles were determined. Two different techniques based on an image analysis software and MATLAB coding were used for the determinations. The results were compared to validate the image analyzing methodology. The visualization technique developed in this paper has a direct application in investigating the critical conditions required for efficient hole cleaning as well as in optimizing the mud program during both planning and operational phases of drilling. Particularly, it would be useful in predicting the cuttings transport performance, estimating solid bed height, gas bubble size, and mean velocities of bubbles/particles.     

均质围岩灌浆锚杆应力的近似解析解

灌浆锚杆与岩体介质的耦合机理和支护效果的解析评估，目前尚处于研究进展阶段。本文对全长处于均质围岩塑性屈服区的弹性锚杆，按围岩弹-脆-塑性应力应变关系和Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则，给出了锚杆的应力、位移和介质交界面屈服长度的解析表达式。这一解析模型考虑了锚杆切应力 对围岩的剪切抑制作用。把它应用于Kielder试验洞，计算和实测结果吻合尚好。对Kielder洞探讨了加大杆长的效益，计算表明，加大杆长的效益并不显著，该洞采用1.8 m的杆长是合适的。所提出的解析模型可用于非轴对称地下洞室，是一个较简明的解答，有利于工程初步设计阶段的参数识别，支护荷载及其效果的评估。     

复合生物酶制备抗菌纸的研究

将葡萄糖氧化酶和溶菌酶单独及复配使用,并以表面涂布的方式将其涂布到到纸张表面,使其在纸张表面发挥最佳抗菌效果,从而得到绿色抗菌纸;通过SEM、TEM及抑菌环实验表征抗菌纸的抗菌效果。结果表明,葡萄糖氧化酶单独使用,在p H值为6.5时,较佳酶用量范围为4000~6000 U/g绝干浆;溶菌酶单独使用,在p H值为5.5时,较佳酶用量为5000~20000 U/g绝干浆。当溶菌酶和葡萄糖氧化酶复配时,葡萄糖氧化酶用量为4000 U/g绝干浆,溶菌酶用量为10000 U/g绝干浆,p H值为6.0时,抗菌纸抑菌效果最好。通过SEM、TEM和抑菌环分析均表明,两种酶复配使用比两种酶分别单独使用时,抗菌纸抑菌效果更明显。     

Calcific mitral stenosis in the hemodialysis patient

The dialysis patient is prone to elevations in the calcium phosphorus product and hyperparathyroidism, which contributes to valvular and vascular calcification. We present the case of a young lady on chronic dialysis that developed mitral calcification complicated by severe mitral stenosis, caseous calcification and retinal embolization. She subsequently required mitral valve replacement.