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1.
针对燃油系统地面模拟试验气箱压力控制所存在的非线性、时变性问题,提出了一种基于改进粒子群算法(IPSO)优化的BP-PID控制器。该控制器结合改进粒子群算法全局搜索能力强和收敛速度快的特点,对BP神经网络的连接权值不断地调整,输出最优的PID控制参数。依据地面模拟试验参数,建立了主要器件的数学模型,利用Simulink软件对各器件的仿真模块进行搭建,构成一个完整的气箱控制系统进行研究。结果表明,IPSO-BP-PID控制比BP-PID控制响应速度快,稳定性好,超调量小,大大提高了气箱压力控制过程的精确性与鲁棒性。  相似文献   
2.
近年来,由于具有极高的理论转化效率,液态金属阳极直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池受到关注;然而,液态金属电极对电解质的腐蚀是降低其性能和限制其寿命的关键因素之一。本文综述了液态金属和氧化物,主要是液态锑(Sb)和氧化锑(Sb2O3),对固体氧化物燃料电池常用ZrO2和CeO2基电解质的化学和电化学腐蚀研究成果,并讨论了减缓腐蚀程度的途径与可能性。  相似文献   
3.
Perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer membranes have been widely used as proton conducting membranes in various electrochemical processes such as polymer electrolyte fuel cells and water electrolysis. While their thermal stability has been studied by thermogravimetry and analysis of low molecular weight products, their decomposition mechanism is little understood. In this study a newly developed methodology of thermal desorption and pyrolysis in combination with direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry is applied for Nafion membrane. An ambient ionization source and a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer enabled unambiguous assignment of gaseous products. Thermal decomposition is initiated by side chain detachment above 350°C, which leaves carbonyls on the main chain at the locations of the side chains. Perfluoroalkanes are released above 400°C by main chain scission and their further decomposition products dominate above 500 °C. DFT calculation of reaction energies and barrier heights of model compounds support proposed decomposition reactions.  相似文献   
4.
Biofuel cells (BFCs) that produce electrical energy from organic resources through enzymatic reactions have been attracting significant attention. Owing to the high electrical conductivity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), their modification on the electrode surface of a BFC is expected to increase the current, and their high specific surface area may be useful in increasing the power output. Previously, we constructed a biocathode by immobilizing multicopper oxidase from Pyrobaculum aerophilum (McoP) with a carbon nanotube binding peptide (CBP) sequence on the CNTs. This resulted in higher current densities than when using enzymes without CBP sequences. However, owing to the randomly stacked CNTs on the surface of the electrodes, their conductive properties were impaired and performance as biocathodes was poor. Herein, we constructed a biocathode in which single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) were oriented one-dimensionally and McoP is immobilized on the surface of an SWNCT via CBP. The current density was successfully increased by two-fold by orienting the CNTs and orienting and immobilizing McoP on their surfaces. This technology provides insights into the development of biodevices with controlled orientation of both the SWCNTs and enzymes immobilized on their surfaces.  相似文献   
5.
Aqueous solutions of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) of various concentrations (20, 25, and 28 wt%) were successfully spun into fibers by centrifugal spinning. The pristine PVP fibers were annealed and carbonized to produce flexible carbon fibers for use as binder-free anodes in lithium-ion batteries. These flexible carbon fibers were prepared by developing a novel three-step heat treatment to reduce the residual stresses in the pristine PVP precursor fibers, and to prevent fiber degradation during carbonization. The thermogravimetric analysis data showed that the annealed fibers yielded a residual mass percentage of 36.0% while the pristine PVP fibers suffered a higher mass loss and only retained 26.5% of original mass above 450 °C (under nitrogen). The electrochemical performance of the carbon-fiber anodes was evaluated by conducting galvanostatic charge/discharge, rate performance, and cycle voltammetry experiments. The 20, 25, and 28 wt% derived binder-free anodes delivered specific charge capacities of 205, 189, and 275 mAh g−1, respectively, after the first cycle at a current density of 100 mA g−1. The results obtained in this work indicate that a feasible pathway towards a large-scale production of carbon-fiber anodes from a 100% aqueous solution can be achieved via centrifugal spinning and subsequent heat treatment.  相似文献   
6.
There is an unmet need for simplified in vitro models of malignancy and metastasis that facilitate fast, affordable and scalable gene and compound analysis. “Adherent” cancer cell lines frequently release “free-floating” cells into suspension that are viable and can reattach. This, in a simplistic way, mimics the metastatic process. We compared the gene expression profiles of naturally co-existing populations of floating and adherent cells in SW620 (colon), C33a (cervix) and HeLa (cervix) cancer cells. We found that 1227, 1367 and 1333 genes were at least 2-fold differentially expressed in the respective cell lines, of which 122 were shared among the three cell lines. As proof of principle, we focused on the anti-metastatic gene NM23-H1, which was downregulated both at the RNA and protein level in the floating cell populations of all three cell lines. Knockdown of NM23-H1 significantly increased the number of floating (and viable) cells, whereas overexpression of NM23-H1 significantly reduced the proportion of floating cells. Other potential regulators of these cellular states were identified through pathway analysis, including hypoxia, mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin), cell adhesion and cell polarity signal transduction pathways. Hypoxia, a condition linked to malignancy and metastasis, reduced NM23-H1 expression and significantly increased the number of free-floating cells. Inhibition of mTOR or Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) significantly increased cell death specifically in the floating and not the adherent cell population. In conclusion, our study suggests that dynamic subpopulations of free-floating and adherent cells is a useful model to screen and identify genes, drugs and pathways that regulate the process of cancer metastasis, such as cell detachment and anoikis.  相似文献   
7.
当前,我国水泥工业在可燃废弃物应用技术方面都还处于一家一户、自制自用、效率极低的初级阶段。发达国家的替代燃料:“垃圾衍生燃料”RDF、“固体回收燃料”SRF、“次煤”Subcoal和“纸塑垃圾衍生燃料”RPF制成的原材料都是可燃废弃物,只是处理工艺技术不同或者由垃圾中分拣出的可燃废弃物不同,制成颗粒状衍生燃料的品质不同,这些都可以替代部分甚或替代全部化石燃料在水泥窑炉中应用。我国大力发展“替代燃料”产业,有助于水泥工业消纳更多的“可燃废弃物”,为改善环境尤其是城镇环境和面貌,为我国的节能减排和绿色高质量发展发挥更大的作用。  相似文献   
8.
生物质基喷气燃料是指全部或大部分来源于生物资源的喷气燃料,符合清洁低碳、安全高效的现代能源体系的要求。以生物质基喷气燃料替代传统石油基喷气燃料有助于我国早日实现“碳达峰、碳中和”的远大目标。在阐述生物质基喷气燃料生产工艺的发展历程及生物质基喷气燃料应用现状的基础上,提出高密度的生物质基喷气燃料是未来喷气燃料的发展方向,具有多环结构的生物质是合成高密度生物质基喷气燃料组分的优质原料;同时,总结了高密度生物质基喷气燃料组分生产工艺的研究进展,展望了生物质基喷气燃料未来的发展及挑战。  相似文献   
9.
Developing non-platinum group metal (non-PGM) electrocatalysts for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) represents the efforts towards the more economical use of hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen energy, which has attracted tremendous attention recently. However, non-PGM electrocatalysts for the HOR are still in their early development stages as compared with the significant advances in those for the oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction. Herein, this paper summarizes the recent progresses and highlights the key challenges for the rational design of non-PGM electrocatalysts, aiming to promote the development of non-PGM HOR electrocatalysts. Fundamental understandings of the HOR mechanism are firstly reviewed, where theoretical interpretations on the low HOR kinetics in alkaline media, including the hydrogen binding energy theory, the bifunctional mechanism, and the water molecule reorganization, are particularly discussed. Subsequently, progresses of typical non-PGM HOR electrocatalysts in acid and alkaline media are summarized separately. For the HOR under alkaline conditions, the superiorities and challenges of Ni-based catalysts are discussed with a particular focus as they are the most promising non-PGM electrocatalysts. Finally, this paper highlights the challenges and provide perspectives on the future development directions of non-PGM HOR electrocatalysts.  相似文献   
10.
It is still a challenge for simultaneously achieving high heat resistance, high strength and outstanding electrochemical performance for separators in power lithium-ion battery (PLB). Herein, new high performance electrospun separators are developed through building unique structure based on polyimide (PI) and poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA). Orthogonal tests (44) show that the magnitude order of electrospinning factors on the morphology of membrane is concentration>injection rate>receiving distance>voltage. With the optimum factors, the electrospun membrane (PI/PMIA) was prepared, which was further pressed at 100°C for 10 min to get treated membrane (H-PI/PMIA). Interestingly, the comprehensive performance of PI/PMIA is not a simple combination of those of PI and PMIA; instead, PI/PMIA has much better thermal and mechanical properties than both PI and PMIA, proving that PI/PMIA has a synergistic effect. PI/PMIA and H-PI/PMIA not only have good ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability, but also have superiorly high properties including dimensional stability (thermal shrinkage temperature>300°C), tensile strengths (24.1 MPa for PI/PMIA, 34.3 MPa for H-PI/PMIA) and capacity retentions (97.9%, 99.2%) compared with electrospun membranes for PLBs reported in the literature so far (SCI database). The mechanism behind these attractive performances is discussed from condensed structure of membranes.  相似文献   
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