Evaluation of bending strain measurements in a composite sailboat bowsprit with embedded fibre Bragg gratings

Acrylate-coated Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBGs) were embedded in a sailing boat bowsprit tubular section manufactured using the vacuum bagging process in autoclave with the aim of measuring strains under realistic loading conditions. In order to establish an effective procedure for sensor integration, flat tensile specimens with embedded sensors were firstly produced under different processing conditions, using advanced composite material employed in the marine industry. Information obtained in this way was used to manufacture a sailboat bowsprit with an array of gratings embedded between the last inner plies. In order to assess the sensitivity and accuracy of the embedded sensors, the bowsprit was subjected to bending tests and the results were compared to analytical values and to data obtained from electrical strain gages. Results are very encouraging but reveal that great attention must be paid both to the integration process and to the in situ calibration of the embedded sensors.     

Model of low spatial frequency diffractive elements recorded in photopolymers during and after recording

Photopolymer are appealing materials for diffractive elements recording. Two of their properties when they are illuminated are useful for this goal: the relief surface changes and the refractive index modifications. In this paper we use a 2-dimensional model, based on direct parameter measurements, for predicting the refractive index distributions during and after illumination. We have analyzed different recording spatial frequencies for photopolymers based on PVA/Acrylamide. This model was successfully applied to different photopolymer compositions with different values of monomer diffusion and polymerization rates.     

精密数显转台研制

光电传感和精密刻划技术 ,是开发精密数显转台的主要技术基础。本文详细介绍基本原理、结构要求、功能特点、工艺试验和精度测试等。样机系列表明 ,其精度和性能基本达到和部分指标超过 (国家 )部颁一级精度的标准。     

Compact diffractive interferometric displacement sensor in reflection

A displacement measurement technology of diffractive interferometry has been developed in the objective of miniaturization. The interference principle has been implemented in the form of a miniature read head prototype according to a novel device configuration after a discussion on the fabrication and mouting tolerances has been made conducting to a high resolution micro-optical encoder. A read-out grating acting simultaneously as a subwavelength and a two order grating enables the miniaturization of a diffractive interferometric optical displacement sensor of the reflection type.     

Photorefractive gratings in DR1-doped hybrid sol–gel films

Photorefractive gratings have been obtained with 632.8 nm writing beams in organic–inorganic SiO₂-based films. The hybrid glass is prepared by a sol–gel technique, starting from organic Si precursors, and contains Disperse Red 1 (DR1), carbazole units and 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone (TNF). The photorefractive gain, which has been found unexpectedly even without poling field, has been determined through an asymmetric energy exchange by two-beam coupling measurements. The effects of the polarization of the writing beams and of a circularly polarized photoisomerizing radiation during the erasure of the grating have been interpreted in terms of an orientational contribution to the grating formation.     

A -based layout design for gratings allocation

In the design process of gratings, the grating layout design is the most important activity influencing manufacturing cost. In the grating layout design, the key to saving manufacturing cost is to find a design with a minimal number of cutting operations. This paper presents an application of the A^* algorithm in grating layout design. The design problem is represented as the space search problem of design alternatives. A^* explores the feasible alternatives within the space, until an optimal solution is obtained.     

Improving the performance of methylene blue sensitized photopolymer by doping with nickel ion

Holographic performance of an economically cheap metal ion doped photopolymer material is presented. We investigated the effect of incorporation of nickel ion into the methylene blue sensitized poly (vinyl alcohol)/acrylamide (MBPVA/AA) photopolymer system. The composition and preliminary characterization of the developed photopolymer material is reported. The presence of nickel ion improves the diffraction efficiency, stability of the material and it operates in a wide range of spatial frequencies (550–2000 lines/mm) at exposure energy of 100 mJ/cm². When nickel ion concentration was 0.01 mM, maximum diffraction efficiency of 84% at exposure energy of 100 mJ/cm² with spatial frequency 1335 lines/mm could be achieved for gratings recorded using wavelength of 632.8 nm. The material showed panchromaticity with more than 70% diffraction efficiency in both blue and green regions. Effects of humidity and temperature on the stored gratings were studied by keeping films in different environmental conditions. Suitability of recording large area holograms was also explored.     

Interferential lithography of Bragg gratings on hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel materials

In this work we report on the application of laser interference lithography (LIL) to create periodic features on a photosensitive hybrid organic inorganic (HOI) sol-gel material based on 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS).To better understand the mechanisms behind the grating formation and optimize the overall process, the chemical changes produced by the laser exposure have been investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. The effects of the development step on the hybrid sol-gel network have been also discussed, trying to explain the origin of the selective dissolution of the unexposed area.High quality gratings with lines down to 250 nm have been realized by LIL, in the Lloyd’s mirror configuration, and their morphological characterization has been performed by AFM and SEM.The generation of profiles with controlled sinusoidal features on HOI sol-gel materials could be exploited in different applications such as the realization of plasmonic crystals for sensing applications or as master molds for nanoimprinting lithography.     

The distortion elimination of an optical microscope based on optimized windowed Fourier transform

An image distortion elimination method based on optimized windowed Fourier transform processing is proposed in this paper. Simulation testing was performed beforehand to find the optimal window size and grating pitch (in pixels), which are crucial for the distortion calibration accuracy. With the optimized parameters, gratings with different frequencies were fabricated by photolithography as standard plates to calibrate the aberration of the optical microscope. The influence induced by the misalignment of the grating lines and the viewing field axis on the distortion calibration was addressed and eliminated by the proposed method in this paper. With the proposed method, the image distortion of the optical microscope under various magnifications was calibrated successfully.     

用透射光谱法测光栅参数的数值模拟

本文基于光栅的严格理论,提出结合透射光谱和优化算法来测量光栅参数的新方法,首先,利用傅立叶模式理论和反射透射系数递推算法(RTCM) ,计算出在2 0 0 -90 0nm波段内的理论透射光谱图,通过在上面叠加不同偏差的高斯噪声来模拟光栅的实际测量曲线,接着在模拟曲线上任取若干个点作为实验测量值,最后利用优化算法进行反演搜索,找到待测光栅的结构参数。文中我们选择了三种类型的光栅对该法进行数值上的模拟,其结果是成功的。该法可能会给光栅参数的测量指明一条新的途径。