毛乌素沙地主要树种燃烧性研究

树种含水率、热值、灰分、着火温度等理化指标对其燃烧性起重要作用,可影响森林火灾发生难易程度、燃烧速度、强度和能量释放大小等,也是筛选防火树种的重要依据。以毛乌素沙地21种主要树种为研究对象,以各树种含水率、热值、着火温度、粗脂肪、灰分值为数据基础,利用主成分分析法进行燃烧性综合排序。研究结果：（1）乔木树种燃烧性由大到小排序为：云杉、樟子松、侧柏、油松、河北杨、杏树、合作杨、新疆杨、火炬树、刺槐;灌木树种燃烧性排序为：沙地柏、沙柳、柠条、野樱桃、花棒、沙蒿、踏郎、紫穗槐、红瑞木、水蜡、沙棘。（2）乔灌树种燃烧性排序可知,强抗火树种：新疆杨、火炬树、刺槐、紫穗槐、红瑞木、水蜡、沙棘;可抗火性树种：油松、河北杨、杏树、合作杨、野樱桃、花棒、沙蒿、踏郎;弱抗火性树种：云杉、樟子松、侧柏、沙地柏、沙柳、柠条。树种燃烧性排序可为毛乌素沙地内抗火性树种筛选提供科学依据,预防和降低该区域火灾发生频率,保护沙地内生态资源。     

At the cutting edge: conflict avoidance and resolution in the US construction industry

The American Arbitration Association (AAA) has undertaken a number of reforms to the dispute resolution process, engendered by the ‘quiet revolution’ of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and its impact upon traditional arbitration mechanisms. This paper appraises the procedural changes which relate to the three distinct schemes: Fast Track Rules, Regular Track Rules, and Large Complex Case Rules; it also looks at parallel progress in mediation and partnering. The author concludes that the US construction industry has undergone, and continues to undergo, a transition from private adjudication, such as arbitration, through the ‘settlement-oriented interventions’ of ADR to more comprehensive approaches, as exemplified by partnering.     

毛乌素沙地区域景观规划--以神木县窝窝庄村为例

荒漠化是一个动态发展的过程,实质是土地的退化。是自然因素和人类活动的共同作用的结果。“沙漠化”是荒漠化的表现之一。毛乌素沙地则是土地沙漠化导致的必然结果。窝窝庄村特有的地势与文化遗产,加上日益恶化的环境,使之成为我们研究环境治理的特别案例之一。     

毛乌素沙漠区广域适应型保水安全厚度计算及开采影响分区评价

毛乌素沙漠区多个近地表含水层支撑着区域生态环境、生产和生活,开展保水采煤研究势在必行。而"保水安全厚度"计算作为保水采煤研究的核心内容,由于各近地含水层的性质以及所处垂向位置的差异,导致了针对毛乌素沙漠区的保水安全厚度计算方法适用范围有限、缺乏统一性。通过分析毛乌素沙漠区内含隔水层在垂向和平面上的展布特征、水文地质性质,结合不同区域内的工程地质条件和开采方法,探讨了保水安全厚度的定义。将煤层之上地层划分为目标保护层、预测导水段(导水裂隙带发育段)和等效保水段(由有效黏土隔水层和基岩层组成的保水段)。利用水均衡法分析了黏土隔水层与基岩层间的保水性能关系,通过"保水比例系数"形成了黏土隔水层与基岩层间统一的等效保水段计算方法。建立了具有能够适用毛乌素沙漠区内"沙-基(岩)型开采区"、"沙-土-基(岩)型开采区"、"沙-土-洛(洛河组含水层)-基型开采区"、"烧变岩型开采区"等主要不同地质条件的保水安全厚度计算模型。根据导水裂隙带的发育高度与黏土隔水层、基岩层间的导通特征以及煤水间距与保水安全厚度的大小关系,制定了煤层开采影响的自然保水区、一般失水区和严重失水区的分区标准。并以榆神矿区小保当煤矿为例,应用建立的统一模型确定了小保当井田内砂-基型和砂-土-基型开采区内的保水安全厚度,并据此评价了煤层开采对潜水含水层的影响。所建立的保水安全开采厚度计算模型以及开采分区评价标准具有良好的适应性,也为保水采煤研究中有关保水安全厚度的计算和煤层开采对上覆含水层的影响评价提供了新思路。     

Variability in pesticides residues the US experience

The evolution of US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) process for estimating potential health risks from pesticide residues in or on food is examined in light of changes in US Legislation and the variability of residue data and assumptions used to estimate dietary exposure. In the 86 years since enactment of the Insecticide Act, pesticide laws have become progressively more health-based. Passage of the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) requires EPA to place particular emphasis on assessing potential risk from pesticides to infants and children. Primary factors affecting the actual pesticide residues in food include frequency of application, percentage of crop treated, and the interval from treatment to harvest. Primary factors affecting the estimated pesticide residues in food include the source of the residue data, calculation techniques for non-detected residues, and the availability of data reflecting post-harvest treatments. Risk assessors must thoroughly consider these factors when assessing dietary risk to pesticides. Risk managers will need to consider these factors as a means of mitigating dietary risk from pesticides.     

利用TM资料测量毛乌素沙地面积的方法和结果

利用1:25万陆地卫星TM资料和地形图，在GIS支持下，建立毛乌素沙地图形数据库，对毛乌素沙地目前流沙分布的范围进行了调查研究。重.资、介绍了利用陆地卫星TM资料对毛乌素沙地的面积进行测童计算的技术和方法，给出了最新测贡得到的毛乌素沙地全区总面积和分布于各旗县的沙地面积数据。     

基于虚拟现实技术的无人机转角控制仿真

无人机飞行状态具有较强的非线性特征,机体绕X轴的转动惯量较小,副翼的舵效相对较高,受到扰动后滚转角速率变化很快,使得无人机的横侧向控制成为转角控制的难点问题.传统采用转角跟踪器的无人机转角控制方法中,反馈线性化过程较为繁琐,对于模型精度要求较高,无法适应不断变化的无人机飞行状态.提出一种应用虚拟现实技术的无人机转角控制方法,用三维实景仿真塑造虚拟的无人机飞行区域实景,在无人机运动过程中,辅助操纵手在目视距离内,由增稳控制或人工遥控方式对飞机转角进行操作,并通过三维建模来对无人机机体模型和舵面模型进行构建,并导人到相应的环境中,再通过相应程序对无人机的运动和舵面的转角进行有效的控制,从而实现无人机转角的准确控制.仿真结果表明,相比传统控制方法,所提方法控制下的无人机转角的响应速度更快,具有高的控制效率,在各种扰动的情况下,均可以实现无差的控制跟踪.     

Deep soil water recharge response to precipitation in Mu Us Sandy Land of China

Soil water is the main form of water in desert areas, and its primary source is precipitation, which has a vital impact on the changes in soil moisture and plays an important role in deep soil water recharge (DSWR) in sandy areas. This study investigated the soil water response of mobile sand dunes to precipitation in a semi-arid sandy area of China. Precipitation and soil moisture sensors were used to simultaneously monitor the precipitation and the soil water content (SWC) dynamics of the upper 200-cm soil layer of mobile sand dunes located at the northeastern edge of the Mu Us Sandy Land of China in 2013. The data were used to analyze the characteristics of SWC, infiltration, and eventually DSWR. The results show that the accumulated precipitation (494 mm) from April 1 to November 1 of 2013 significantly influenced SWC at soil depths of 0–200 cm. When SWC in the upper 200-cm soil layer was relatively low (6.49%), the wetting front associated with 53.8 mm of accumulated precipitation could reach the 200-cm deep soil layer. When the SWC of the upper 200-cm soil layer was relatively high (10.22%), the wetting front associated with the 24.2 mm of accumulated precipitation could reach the upper 200-cm deep soil layer. Of the accumulated 494-mm precipitation in 2013, 103.2 mm of precipitation eventually became DSWR, accounting for 20.9% of the precipitation of that year. The annual soil moisture increase was 54.26 mm in 2013. Accurate calculation of DSWR will have important theoretical and practical significance for desert water resources assessment and ecological construction.     

一种基于PSO&PAM的聚类算法

PAM是最早提出的k-medoids算法之一,该算法比较健壮,比k-means算法鲁棒性更强,但是PAM对初始值敏感,易陷入局部收敛。利用PSO算法对PAM进行优化,提出一种基于PSO和PAM的聚类方法,充分利用PAM和PSO两者对于不同问题的优势,来不断地更新PAM的聚类中心。通过建立基于熵的聚类有效性函数,对混合聚类算法的性能进行客观评价。从来自UCI的数据的测试结果表明,这种混合聚类的方法有较高的聚类正确率。     

毛乌素沙地中部不同类型沙丘土壤水分分布特征

通过对位于毛乌素沙地中部的乌审旗地区进行实地考察采样和室内试验测试分析, 研究了裸露流动沙丘、灌木覆盖沙丘及乔木覆盖沙丘在迎风坡、背风坡和丘间洼地3种微地貌类型下0~4 m深度内土壤水分的变化及分布特征。结果表明:灌木覆盖沙丘和乔木覆盖沙丘微地貌平均土壤含水量从大到小依次为丘间洼地、迎风坡、背风坡;裸露流动沙丘丘间洼地平均土壤含水量较高,但迎风坡和背风坡平均土壤含水量变化无明显规律;不同类型沙丘在各微地貌采样点不同层段土壤含水量变化差异明显,变化趋势不统一;同一沙丘微地貌条件下,植被对土壤含水量在垂向上的变化有较大影响,且灌木植被的影响大于乔木植被;迎风坡和背风坡土壤含水量表现为有植被覆盖的沙丘普遍大于裸露流动沙丘,而丘间洼地处浅层基岩的存在对土壤含水量的影响更大;有植被覆盖的沙丘土壤含水量与土壤黏粒和粉砂等细粒级组分呈明显的正相关关系,沙丘地表植被通过拦截空气中的粉尘提高了土壤黏土和粉砂体积分数,从而提高了土壤含水量。