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1.
In the present work we have studied the effect of Na on the properties of graded Cu(In1−xGax)Se2 (CIGS) layer. Graded CIGS structures were prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis at a substrate temperature of 350 °C on soda lime glass. Sodium chloride is used as a dopant along with metal (Cu/In/Ga) chlorides and n, n-dimethyl selenourea precursors. The addition of Na exhibited better crystallinity with chalcopyrite phase and an improvement in preferential orientation along the (112) plane. Energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (line/point mapping) revealed a graded nature of the film and percentage incorporation of Na (0.86 at%). Raman studies showed that the film without sodium doping consists of mixed phase of chalcopyrite and CuAu ordering. Influence of sodium showed a remarkable decrease in electrical resistivity (0.49–0.087 Ω cm) as well as an increase in carrier concentration (3.0×1018–2.5×1019 cm−3) compared to the un-doped films. As carrier concentration increased after sodium doping, the band gap shifted from 1.32 eV to 1.20 eV. Activation energies for un-doped and Na doped films from modified Arrhenius plot were calculated to be 0.49 eV and 0.20 eV, respectively. Extremely short carrier lifetimes in the CIGS thin films were measured by a novel, non-destructive, noncontact method (transmission modulated photoconductive decay). Minority carrier lifetimes of graded CIGS layers without and with external Na doping are found to be 3.0 and 5.6 ns, respectively. 相似文献
2.
Edward C. Malthouse 《Data mining and knowledge discovery》2007,15(3):383-402
This paper discusses a new application of data mining, quantifying the importance of responding to trigger events with reactive
contacts. Trigger events happen during a customer’s lifecycle and indicate some change in the relationship with the company.
If detected early, the company can respond to the problem and retain the customer; otherwise the customer may switch to another
company. It is usually easy to identify many potential trigger events. What is needed is a way of prioritizing which events
demand interventions. We conceptualize the trigger event problem and show how survival analysis can be used to quantify the
importance of addressing various trigger events. The method is illustrated on four real data sets from different industries
and countries. 相似文献
3.
介绍了一种非接触式用于测量少子寿命的微波反射法,并与通常的光电导衰退法进行了比较。 相似文献
4.
Zhang Xiumiao 《电子科学学刊(英文版)》1992,9(3):265-269
When a linear voltage ramp is applied to the gate of a MOS capacitor, a capacitancetime (C-t) transient is observed. The MOS capacitor is biased into strong inversion before applying the voltage ramp in order to eliminate
surface generation. FromC-t transient curve obtained experimentally the minority carrier generation lifetime in semiconductor can be determined. The
experimental results show that for the same sample the lifetimes extracted fromC-t curves under varying voltage sweep rates are close each other, and they are consistent with the lifetimes extracted by saturation
capacitance method. 相似文献
5.
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7.
The molecular weight of polyacrylic acid (PAA) was determined by a viscometric method using NaNO3 as solvent at 30°C. The specific electric conductivities (σ) of PAA as well as PAA doped with carbon black (CB), chromium oxide (Cr2O3), and cupferron with different concentrations (from 0.25 to 1 wt %) were measured at a temperature range 360–400 K. IR spectra of some polymers were determined and it was shown that when PAA was doped with 0.5 wt % CB, a C? O? C band appeared at 775–875 cm?1. The positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectra in PAA doped with the above‐mentioned dopants were measured as a function of their concentrations. It was observed that the short lifetime intensity I1 decreased, whereas the intermediate lifetime intensity I2, which is related to the conductivity of the material, increased with increasing the wt % of Cr2O3 and cupferron as well as at low concentrations of CB. These results are discussed in terms of the conducting island model. It was found that there were distinct positive relationships between σ and I2. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 877–883, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10381 相似文献
8.
The inherently nonlinear phenomenon of fatigue crack propagation is modeled as a linear random process. To a first approximation, simple, nonstationary time series models are introduced and standard techniques for determining the parameters of autoregressive integrated moving-average processes are applied. Multiplicative time series models are next utilised for the representation of a group of crack history curves. Implementation of the models on the Virkler experimental data set yields satisfactory results. Reliable Gaussian approximations to the distribution of the time required by a crack to reach a specified critical length are obtained, and the usefulness of the approach is demonstrated when updating lifetime predictions after periodic inspections. 相似文献
9.
环境因子的定义及研究现状 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
胡斌 《太赫兹科学与电子信息学报》2003,1(1):88-92
从普遍接受的三个基本假设出发,讨论环境因子的定义和失效机理不变的约束条件,重点综述环境因子的研究现状和常用方法,并探讨引入反应论模型解决环境因子预测问题的可能途径。 相似文献
10.
T. MANN B. W. TVEITEN G. HÄRKEGÅRD 《Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures》2006,29(2):113-122
The fatigue life of a welded aluminium T‐joint made from beams with rectangular hollow section (RHS) has been predicted using a crack propagation analysis and compared with experimental results from joints with different residual stress levels. To include the effect of the residual stresses, the stress ratio was calculated at the weld toe and, via Walker's equation, introduced into the analysis. How to obtain the Walker exponent has been discussed in detail. The introduction of a stress ratio at the weld toe provides good agreement between the experimentally and analytically found S–N curves. The effect of the residual stress was successfully included in the analysis. 相似文献