思维科学的新发展与建筑符号学的近期前景

要应对目前城市化和国际化时期城市设计和建筑设计所面临的几个普遍性问题,建筑符号学能够有所贡献.为此它需要某些扩展,并与思维科学的最新发展相结合.该文回顾了建筑符号学的学问传承,分析了最近的思维科学诸学科尤其是环境行为研究(EBR)对建筑--建筑群设计构成法研究的影响,指出了建筑符号学的近期前景.     

“科学性”与民族性“——萦绕中国近代建筑创作的两大主题

文章论述了近现代以来,中国建筑的创作主要围绕“科学性”与“民族性”两大主题展开。这两大主题的发展受社会价值取的影响,在社会各个时期表现出不同的态势;或比强彼弱,或互相交融。进行２０世纪８０年代以来,两大主题的发展与交融愈演烈,以此为契机形成中国当代建筑创作的多元化格局。     

科学发展观和生态优先思想在城市规划中的实践——上海市崇明三岛总体规划简析

崇明三岛的岛域规划蓝图,拟按照生态环境优先的原则,选择和确立一条体现科学发展观的区域发展道路,合理比选主导功能和产业组合,坚持留足自然生态涵养空间、留足未来国际级项目空间,以代际可持续发展的眼光,并在总体规划布局上,预构好推动崇明社会经济和城乡建设有序发展的城镇体系和基础设施布局框架.     

Urinary mercury in people living near point sources of mercury emissions

As part of the European Mercury Emissions from Chlor Alkali Plants (EMECAP) project, we tested the hypothesis that contamination of ambient air with mercury around chlor alkali plants using mercury cells would increase the internal dose of mercury in people living close to the plants. Mercury in urine (U-Hg) was determined in 225 individuals living near a Swedish or an Italian chlor alkali plant, and in 256 age- and sex-matched individuals from two reference areas. Other factors possibly affecting mercury exposure were examined. Emissions and concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM) around the plants were measured and modeled. No increase in U-Hg could be demonstrated in the populations living close to the plants. This was the case also when the comparison was restricted to subjects with no dental amalgam and low fish consumption. The emissions of mercury to air doubled the background level, but contributed only about 2 ng/m(3) to long-term averages in the residential areas. The median U-Hg levels in subjects with dental amalgam were 1.2 microg/g creatinine (micro/gC) in Italy and 0.6 microg/gC in Sweden. In individuals without dental amalgam, the medians were 0.9 microg/gC and 0.2 microg/gC, respectively. The number of amalgam fillings, as well as chewing, fish consumption, and female sex were associated with higher U-Hg. The difference between the countries is probably due to higher fish consumption in Italy, demethylated methyl mercury (MeHg) being partly excreted in urine. Post hoc power calculations showed that if the background mercury exposure is low it may be possible to demonstrate an increase in U-Hg of as little as about 10 ng/m(3) as a contribution to ambient mercury from a point source.     

中国大气田科学开发的内涵

大气田是指天然气探明地质储量超过300×10~8 m~3、天然气峰值年产量在10×10~8 m~3以上且具有一定稳产期的气田。其是中国天然气储产量快速增长和未来长期稳定发展的重要基础,也是保障我国供气安全的关键。通过对国内外260余个大气田开发实践的系统分析和典型气田的解剖模拟,综合研究了大气田科学开发的内涵、核心技术以及全生命周期指标体系。大气田科学开发的内涵包括:①提出以"识别水、控制水、治理水"为技术体系的天然气开发理念,即常规气田"控水开发"、非常规气田人工压裂"注水开发",根据气藏类型和气藏特征,确定合理的采气速度;②综合评价气田开发经济效益和社会效益,保障气田长期稳产;③根据气井生产特征和储层发育特征,选取适用的气田稳产方式;④依据对常规与非常规气藏不同开发阶段的精细描述、气藏开发特征和生产动态的监测,确定气田可采储量、气田水与人工注水开发规律、气田提高采收率技术对策、气田效益稳产期与发展战略。大气田科学开发的核心技术包括:规模优化技术、科学布井技术、均衡开采技术和深度挖潜技术。进而综合优选出产量、压降、采出程度、单位压降产量等多个参数作为评价大气田科学开发的关键指标,建立了高压、低渗透—致密、裂缝—孔隙型和页岩气等4类气藏的全生命周期指标体系。结论认为,该研究成果有助于指导不同类型大气田的科学开发,进一步促进我国天然气产业的快速发展。     

公益型矿业科研院所绩效考核机制探索

绩效考核一直是公益型科研院所管理领域的重点和难点。本文以公益型矿业科研院所为研究对象，系统地梳理绩效考核政策的历史沿革，分析国有科研院所“课题组承包制”绩效评价方法，总结“课题组承包制”绩效考核体系的优缺点；探索“以项目为中心”绩效考核体系，从考核基本原则、指标设计、评定方法与标准以及考核组织与实施方法等四个维度建立公益型矿业科研院所绩效考核评价方法；最后，提出了未来企业绩效考核机制的改进建议。为类似的矿业领域科研院所的人力资源管理模式提供了有益参考和借鉴。     

Dynamic steering of HPC scientific workflows: A survey

The field of scientific workflow management systems has grown significantly as applications start using them successfully. In 2007, several active researchers in scientific workflow developments presented the challenges for the state of the art in workflow technologies at that time. Many issues have been addressed, but one of them named ‘dynamic workflows and user steering’ remains with many open problems despite the contributions presented in the recent years. This article surveys the early and current efforts in this topic and proposes a taxonomy to identify the main concepts related to addressing issues in dynamic steering of high performance computing (HPC) in scientific workflows. The main concepts are related to putting the human-in-the-loop of the workflow lifecycle, involving user support in real-time monitoring, notification, analysis and interference by adapting the workflow execution at runtime.     

基于微信公众平台的科研产品信息服务系统的研究

随着微信公众平台的不断发展,智能服务的不断深入,将微信公众平台引入到传统的科研产品的研发管理中成为现在科研信息化建设的趋势。本文通过研究微信公众平台的功能,结合科研产品信息服务的特点,提出了建立基于微信公众平台的科研产品信息服务系统的解决方案。     

Long-haul secure data transfer using hardware-assisted GridFTP

Extreme-scale scientific collaborations require high-performance wide-area end-to-end data transports to enable fast and secure transfer of high data volumes among collaborating institutions. GridFTP is the de facto protocol for large-scale data transfer in science environments. Existing predominant network transport protocols such as TCP have serious limitations that consume significant CPU power and prevent GridFTP from achieving high throughput on long-haul networks with high latency and potential packet loss, reordering and jitter. On the other hand, protocols such as UDT that address some of the TCP shortcomings demand high computing resources on data transfer nodes. These limitations have caused underutilization of existing high-bandwidth links in scientific and collaborative grids. To address this situation, we have enhanced Globus GridFTP, the most widely used GridFTP implementation, by developing transport offload engines such as UDT and iWARP on SmartNIC, a programmable 10GbE network interface card (NIC). Our results show significant reduction in server utilization and full line-rate sustained bandwidth in high-latency networks, as measured for up to 100 ms of network latency. In our work, we also offload OpenSSL on SmartNIC to reduce host utilization for secure file transfers. The offload engine can provide line-rate data channel encryption/decryption on top of UDT offload without consuming additional host CPU resources. Lower CPU utilization leads to increased server capacity, which allows data transfer nodes to support higher network and data-processing rates. Alternatively, smaller or fewer DTNs can be used for a particular data rate requirement.     

Making things clear: Science-based reasons that chickens are not fed growth hormones

BackgroundGlobal public concerns about “industrial agriculture” have widely disseminated amongst consumers the myth that chickens are fed growth hormones to produce meat more efficiently. This misleading information regarding the use of hormones in chickens is now a growing health concern among consumer groups.Scope and ApproachWorldwide, the poultry industry relies on science and technology to define new strategies to improve the health, welfare and performance of animals in production. In this report, we performed a detailed analysis of the poultry science literature and provide the scientific bases explaining why chickens are not feed hormones.Key Findings and ConclusionsThe use of growth hormones in poultry meat production does not occur because: i) they are too expensive to be used in chickens, ii) they do not promote growth in poultry and iii) their use is illegal in many countries. Therefore, health providers, policy makers, food professionals, consumer advocates, food producers and veterinarians can use this information to educate consumers and eliminate negative concerns related to hormone use in the poultry industry.