A review on the clad failure studies

In this paper, an attempt has been made to systematically organize the research investigations conducted on clad tube failure, so far. Before presenting the review on the clad failure studies, an introduction to different clad materials has been added, in which the effect of alloying elements on the material properties have been presented. The literature on clad failure has been broadly categorized under the headings LOCA and RIA. The failure mechanisms like creep, corrosion and pellet-clad interaction have been discussed in details. Each subsection of the review has been provided with summary table, in which the studies are arranged in the chronological order. A small section on acceptance criteria for ECCS has also been included. The last section of the review has been dedicated to the core-degradation phenomena.     

CL-20/DNB共晶炸药的制备与表征

采用溶液共结晶法制备得到一种由六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW,俗称CL-20) 和1,3-二硝基苯(DNB)组成的新型共晶炸药,其中CL-20与DNB的摩尔比为1:1。粉末X射线衍射表明共晶炸药的衍射图谱明显不同于构成它的两个单组份;单晶X射线衍射测试结果表明,该共晶炸药属正交晶系,Pbca空间群,晶胞参数：a =0.94703(6) nm,b =1.34589(8) nm,c =3.3620(2) nm,α=β=γ=90?,V=4.2852(5) nm 3, Z=8;差示扫描量热（DSC）法分析表明,CL-20/DNB共晶炸药在188~268℃间放热分解,熔点较DNB提高约45℃左右。     

中性束诊断系统中高压电源的保护分析

介绍了DNB中所必需的电源系统，着重介绍了加速极电源的结构、功能及工作原理，设计了相应的保护电路。仿真和实验结果表明它们对系统的安全运行提供了可靠的保障。     

VIIRS中波红外地表双向反射率反演算法研究

中波红外(mid-infrared,MIR)是目前地球观测中热点研究的光谱区域,相比于可见光具有很多优势。中波红外反射率在叶生物量估算、不同植被类型区分等方面得到了广泛的应用。但由于在白天时卫星传感器接收到的辐射能量存在反射与发射能量耦合的问题,使得中波红外数据的利用存在一些困难。本文通过类似劈窗技术的计算模型计算出无太阳辐射时地表亮温T0g,并结合中波红外辐射传输模型推导出了适用于VIIRS中波红外地表双向反射率的反演模型。结果表明：反射率理论反演值与实际值较吻合,在太阳天顶角为0°时RMSE仅为0.009;反演模型受气象因子和仪器噪声的影响很小,在实际应用中可以忽略。     

基于VIIRS数据洪泽湖悬浮物浓度估算算法研究

基于2012~2015年洪泽湖4次星地同步试验数据,建立了较高精度的水体悬浮物浓度单波段(671 nm)模型(R~2=0.74,RMSE=8.58 mg/L),并进行了验证(R~2=0.72,RMSE=11.98 mg/L);然后,将该算法成功应用到了2012~2015年464景VIIRS无云影像上.结果表明,洪泽湖悬浮物浓度呈现春夏低、秋冬高的季节特征和东、中部高,西、北部低的空间分布特征;在年际变化尺度上,悬浮物浓度年均值呈现较小的减少趋势.总体来说,VIIRS在浑浊水体悬浮物浓度上表现了较好的探测能力,在湖泊水色遥感领域具有较大潜力.     

Analyzing Regional Inequality of Socioeconomic Development in China with Nighttime Light

Satellite\|derived nighttime light (NTL)data have been extensively used as an efficient proxy measure for monitoring urbanization dynamics and socioeconomic activity.This is because remotely sensed NTL signals can be quantitatively connected to demographic and socioeconomic variables.The recently composited cloud\|free NTL imagery derived from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)provides spatially detailed observations of human settlements.We quantitatively estimated socioeconomic development inequalities across 30 provinces andmunicipalities in mainland China using VIIRS NTL data associated with both regional gross domestic product (GDP)and population census data.We quantitatively investigated relations between NTL,GDP,and population using a linear regression model.Our results suggest that NTL have significant positive correlations with GDP and population at different levels.Several inequality coefficients were derived from VIIRS data and statistical data at multiple spatial scales.NTL\|derived inequality coefficients enabled us to elicit more detailed information on differences in regional development at multiple levels.Our study of provinces and municipalities revealed that county\|level inequality was more significant than city\|level.The results of population\|weighted NTL inequality indicate an obvious regional disparity with NTL distribution being more unequal in China’s undeveloped western regions compared with eastern regions.Our findings suggest that given the timely and spatially explicit advantages of VIIRS,NTL data are capable of providing comprehensive information regarding inequality at multiple levels,which is not possible through the use of traditional statistical sources.     

Feasibility of a specialized ground light source for night-time low-light calibration

The day/night band (DNB) of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite can not only identify surface characteristics when illuminated by moonlight, but can also detect night-time radiation from ground active light sources. Accordingly, the low-light sensor can be calibrated by comparing upward active radiation with actual observed digital counts, which has attracted new research interest. In this article, the first attempt to calibrate the high-gain stage of the DNB using a specialized ground light source was introduced. The DNB imaging rule of the target pixel at various observation geometries was analysed based on the long-term monitoring of a light source set in Dunhuang, Gansu Province, China. The radiance caused by emissive radiation varied greatly over time in a 16-day cycle. To solve the major problem of the Dunhuang light source when used for low-light calibration, a light source that emits homogenous radiation intensity in most upward directions was custom designed. Based on this device, a comprehensive low-light calibration scheme was proposed and three verification experiments were performed in Mingguang, Anhui Province, China. The predicted in-band DNB at-aperture radiance values of the 3-day experiments were 3.86 × 10^?9, 4.38 × 10^?9, and 5.27 × 10^?9 W cm^?2 sr^?1, respectively, while the actual observed DNB radiance values were 4.53 × 10^?9, 5.06 × 10^?9, and 5.57 × 10^?9 W cm^?2 sr^?1, respectively. With deviations of 14.8%, 13.4%, and 5.4%, respectively, the calibration result based on the specialized light source was generally in good agreement with the operational calibration result, and thus the feasibility of the device for low-light calibration had been preliminarily verified.     

Failure Mechanism of Silicide and Aluminide Fuels During Power Transient

The quantitative failure mechanism of the silicide and aluminide fuels (the test specimens) was studied using the 4.8 g/cc silicide fuels as the references. (1) The onset of the departure from the nucleate boiling (DNB) was determined to be 188 ± 27°C for the test specimens and 182 ± 15°C for the references. The difference was insignificant. (2) The failure mechanism of both fuels was attributed to the quench stress that occurred owing to the uneven temperature profile across the fuel plate. In-core quantitative data indicated that when the temperature drop ΔT was greater than 94°C and the time to quench tq was shorter than 0.13 s, through-plate cracking could occur. (3) Irrespective of the fuel initial density, the plate bow increased with an increase in the PCST. The worst bow up to 228°C (JRR-3 operational limit) was 15%.     

DNB后过渡沸腾传热计算模型

提出过渡沸腾传热的物理模型,建立相应的数学模型,对偏离泡核沸腾(DNB)后过渡沸腾的传热特性进行分析。根据实验数据确定关系式中的系数,得到DNB后过渡沸腾传热计算模型。将提出的理论计算模型与现有不同工况范围内取得的实验数据及已有计算模型进行比较分析,并对计算偏差进行统计计算。结果表明,本文模型计算值与现有实验数据符合良好;相对于已有计算模型,模型具有良好的适用性。     

Safety analysis of LBLOCA in BDBA scenarios for the Bushehr's VVER-1000 nuclear power plant

This paper presents the results of thermal-hydraulic calculations of a large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) analysis for a VVER-1000/V446 unit at Bushehr nuclear power plant (BNPP). LBLOCA is analysis in two different beyond design basis accident (BDBA) scenarios using the RELAP5/MOD3.2 best estimate code. The scenarios are LBLOCA with station blackout (SBO) and LBLOCA with pump re-circulation blockage which have been evaluated in the final safety analysis report (FSAR) of BNPP. A model of VVER-1000 reactor based on Unit 1 of BNPP has been developed for the RELAP5/MOD3.2 thermal-hydraulics code consists of 4-loop primary and secondary systems with all their relevant sub-systems important to safety analysis. The analysis is performed without regard for operator's actions on accident management. The safety analysis is carried out and the results are checked against the acceptance criteria which are the possibility of using water inventory in the emergency core cooling system (ECCS) accumulators and the KWU tanks for core cooling and the available time to operators before the maximum design limit of fuel rod cladding damage is reached. These kinds of analyses are performed to provide the response of monitored plant parameters to identify symptoms available to the operators, timing of the loss of critical safety functions and timing of operator actions to avoid the loss of critical safety functions of core damage. The results of performed analyses show that the operators have 2.9 and 3.1 h for LBLOCA with SBO and LBLOCA with pump re-circulation blockage scenarios, respectively, before the fuel rod cladding rupture. The results are also compared with the BNPP FSAR data.