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1.
A meso-scale jet flame model was established for the flame ports of domestic gas stoves. The influences of hydrogen addition ratio (β = 0%–25%) on the combustion limits were explored. The results show that with the increase of hydrogen addition ratio, the blow-off limit increases obviously, while the extinction limit decreases slightly, namely, the combustible range expands significantly. Quantitative analysis was carried out in terms of chemical effect and thermal effect. It was found that hydrogen addition will reduce O2 fraction in the pre-mixture for a constant equivalence ratio. Under near-extinction limit condition, since the flame is located at the nozzle exit, the external O2 cannot be entrained into or diffuse into the upstream of the flame, which leads to the decrease of reaction rate. However, for the near-blow-off cases, the external O2 can be entrained and diffuse into the flame, which compensates the difference of O2 content in the pre-mixture. Therefore, the combustion reaction is enhanced by hydrogen addition because more H radicals can be produced. In addition, as the flame is located closer to the tube with the increase of hydrogen addition ratio, heat transfer between flame and tube wall is augmented and the preheating of fresh mixture is strengthened by the inner tube wall. This heat recirculation effect becomes especially notable in low velocity cases. In conclusion, the extension of extinction limit by hydrogen addition is attributed to the thermal effect, while the increase of blow-off limit is mainly due to the intensification of chemical effect.  相似文献   
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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare sign identification distances and driving performance metrics in presbyopic participants while wearing multifocal contact lenses (MFCL) and while wearing progressive addition lens (PAL) spectacles.Methods19 presbyopic participants completed PAL spectacle assessments and contact lens fitting and follow up visits before driving assessments began. These assessments occurred in a simulator equipped with a full-sized sedan on a motion platform and a 260 degree screen. Participants completed the driving task with PAL and with MFCL. Participants followed a lead car and identified signs at various distances from the road. For the two wearing conditions, comparisons of the distance along the road at which signs were identified were made using repeated measures ANOVA. Paired t-tests were used to compare driving performance for the two conditions.ResultsThere was no statistical difference in sign identification distance between PAL and MFLC for signs 32.0 m from the road side of the road (182 ± 46 m for MFCL; 205 ± 45 m for PAL; P = 0.07) or 51.4 m from the side of the road (204 ± 43 m for MFCL; 216 ± 36 m for PAL; P = 0.3). Only signs 70.2 m from the roadside showed a significant difference (207 ± 42 m with MFCL; 232 ± 39 m with PAL; P = 0.01), All distances were greater than those required to safely stop a vehicle. There were no significant differences in the driving performance metrics between the refractive corrections.ConclusionDriving performance metrics were similar for MFCL and PAL spectacles. Sign identification distances with both eyewear types were well within the distances required for safe vehicle stopping.  相似文献   
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采用安琪小曲复配不同比例浓香型大曲酿酒,探究浓香型大曲对小曲酒出酒率、主要风味物质及酒醅微生物群落的影响。结果表明,与纯安琪小曲酿酒比较,大曲添加量为5%时,出酒率提高4.23%;大曲添加量为20%时,所产基酒感官品质最佳,异丁醇及异戊醇含量分别降低0.44 g/L、0.40 g/L;大曲添加量为10%时,基酒中乙酸乙酯及乳酸乙酯含量分别增加0.78 g/L、0.04 g/L;大曲添加使酒醅微生物群落多样性增加,且不同大曲添加量使酒醅优势菌群与丰度发生了不同程度的变化,说明浓香型大曲的添加能提升安琪小曲酒产品质量。相关性分析表明,不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)与乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、伊萨酵母属(Issatchenkia)与根霉属(Rhizopus)间呈显著负相关(P<0.05),出酒率及乳酸乙酯含量与伊萨酵母属相对丰度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),乳酸乙酯含量与根霉属相对丰度呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。  相似文献   
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A simplified low-cost approach to experimentally determine transport parameters in mountain rivers is described, with an emphasis on the longitudinal dispersion coefficient (DL). The approach is based on a slug injection of table salt (NaCl) as a tracer and specific conductance readings at different locations downstream of the injection spot. Observed specific conductance readings are fit using the advection-dispersion equation with OTIS-P, yielding estimates of cross-sectional area and longitudinal dispersion coefficient for various stream reaches. Estimates of the DL are used to assess the accuracy of several empirical equations reported in the literature. This allowed the determination of complementary transport parameters related to transient storage zones. The empirical equations yielded rather high DL values, with some reaching up an order of magnitude higher to those obtained from tracer additions and OTIS-P. Overall, the proposed approach seems reliable and pertinent for river reaches of ca. 150 m in length.  相似文献   
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镍电解液的复杂高盐基体对其中微量铜的监测产生干扰。将旋转圆盘电极原子发射光谱(RDE-AES)与标准加入法结合,无需样品前后处理,无基体效应,采用改进后的校准曲线测定镍电解液工艺流程中不同中间液中的微量铜。根据元素蒸发曲线,确定预燃时间6 s、采集时间7~30 s,预燃激发改善了盘电极的润湿性,从而保证进样量的稳定性;合理的曝光时间可以在保证分析元素强度灵敏度的前提下提高分析速度,单次检测时间小于35 s。选用Ni 324.845 7 nm为内标,校正激发行为和进样量误差。方法检出限为0.15 mg/L。按照实验方法测定镍电解液工艺流程中不同中间液中微量铜,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)小于12%,加标回收率为98%~110%。  相似文献   
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A hybrid polymer matrix composite coating, resistant to solid particle erosion inside sharp elbows, consisting interlocking chains of molecules with the ability to deflect the surface impact stress and to uniformly distribute stresses along the hard-ceramic reinforcement mixture surface was developed. Formulated mixture of ceramic reinforcement particles mixtures (alumina, tungsten carbide, and silicon carbide) with polymer coupling agents; to increase adhesion to the metal surface, led to 600–700 HVN in ternary and 500–550 HVN in binary mixtures. This behavior coincides with high shear strength of 70–76 MPa, Young's and shear modulus of 8.86 and 13.4 GPa in ternary 15%Al2O3-5%WC-10%SiC, respectively. The low erosion weight loss of 0.1% and small coefficient of friction near 0.18 indicates the significant wear resistance of the ternary sample. The electron microscopic micrographs determined the dense smooth coating surfaces with adhesive interfaces with the substrate.  相似文献   
8.
针对协同消毒工艺在水厂实际应用中存在的问题和难点,通过对水厂协同消毒工艺的控制进行升级改造及模拟实验,研究了传统控制与智慧控制协同消毒在多种因素影响下的实验结果。相较传统控制,智慧控制协同消毒可将消毒剂控制指标精度提高72%左右、消毒剂投加量减少16%左右、消毒副产物的生成量减少22%左右。在水厂协同消毒应用中智慧控制较传统控制具有更好的控制效果及推广价值。  相似文献   
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通过动态调节葡萄糖对谷氨酸棒杆菌的供应速率,解决菌种在发酵产L-异亮氨酸不同时期对葡萄糖消耗能力差异的问题。实验结果表明,以谷氨酸棒杆菌YILM1504为供试菌株,在发酵初始葡萄糖添加量80 g/L、90%最大补糖速率的亚适量补糖工艺下,得到动态补糖速率为0(0~8 h)、5.40~7.47(8~14 h)、7.47~7.00(16~24 h)、7.00~5.20 g/(L·h)(24~40 h),L-异亮氨酸达到44.32 g/L,糖酸转化率为19.63%。经代谢流对比分析发现,葡萄糖经戊糖磷酸途径和糖酵解途径代谢流之比为0.56,进入Ile的代谢流增强了18.92%,进入缬氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸的代谢流减弱了67.12%、72.21%、30.23%,该方法针对谷氨酸棒杆菌在细胞生长阶段与产酸阶段不同的耗糖能力,提供了精细的补糖速率策略,产酸高峰期明显延长,副产物积累比例得到降低,原料利用率大幅提升。  相似文献   
10.
The characteristics of urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives condensed by catalysis with four different acids, namely formic (HCOOH), hydrochloric (HCl), phosphoric (H3PO4), and sulfuric (H2SO4) acids, under alkaline–acidic–alkaline conditions at a molar ratio F/U = 1.12 were studied. The thermal curing properties of UF adhesives catalyzed with acid were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry at 10 °C/min heating rate. The resin structure examined by 13C-NMR spectroscopy showed that the resin catalyzed with HCl had a lower proportion of methylol groups, resulting in a lower level of formaldehyde emission. It was interesting to note that HCOOH resulted in the best overall mechanical properties of the medium-density fiberboard (MDF) panels. The HCl catalyst resulted in the poorest performance, providing the lowest internal bond strength, modulus of elasticity, and thickness swelling, with the exception of the free formaldehyde content. The resin catalyzed with H2SO4 had the highest free formaldehyde and the highest formaldehyde emission. H2SO4 and H3PO4 resulted in MDF mechanical properties relatively lower than for HCOOH. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47256.  相似文献   
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