高校助力青少年科技教育的实践与探索——以重庆大学青少年科技教育实践为例

加强青少年科技教育对培养科技后备人才至关重要,因此,高校应突破传统的人才培养观念,主动开发科教资源,与中学衔接,面向广大青少年开展多层次的科技教育与科技体验活动。通过提高认识、完善制度、建立机制,文章提出组建科教专家团,开发共享科技教育基地,打造科技体验品牌活动,与中学协同开展青少年科技教育,培养青少年严谨客观的科学态度、开拓创新的科学精神和求真务实的科学素质。     

Gender differences in the development and adult outcome of co-occurring depression and delinquency in adolescence.

Using a dual trajectory modeling approach, we examined co-occurring trajectories of depression and delinquency from age 11 to age 18 and their relation to adult outcome six years later in a community sample of 1423 (674 boys) adolescents. We also examined the effects of childhood externalizing, internalizing, and social problems on trajectory membership for depression and delinquency. The results showed that although more girls than boys were likely to follow high-level, co-occurring trajectories on depression and delinquency, the adult outcome of adolescents following high-level trajectories on both domains was poorer for boys than for girls. However, the combination of decreasing depression symptoms and increasing delinquency symptoms across adolescence was related with poorer adult outcomes for girls compared to boys. Finally, whereas boys' high-level co-occurring trajectory of depression and delinquency was predicted by childhood aggression, girls' equivalent trajectory was predicted by childhood depression and delinquency. The findings support the “gender paradox” effect (Loeber & Keenan, 1994) stating that in disorders with an unequal gender ratio, members of the gender with the lower prevalence rate tend to be more seriously affected in terms of comorbidity and poor outcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sex, temperament, and family context: How the interaction of early factors differentially predict adolescent alcohol use and are mediated by proximal adolescent factors.

Adolescent alcohol use is common and has serious immediate and long-term ramifications. While concurrent individual and context factors are robustly associated with adolescent alcohol use, the influence of early childhood factors, particularly in interaction with child sex, are less clear. Using a prospective community sample of 362 (190 girls), this study investigated sex differences in the joint influence of distal childhood and proximal adolescent factors on Grade 10 alcohol use. All risk factors and two-way early individual-by-context interactions, and interactions of each of these with child sex, were entered into the initial regression. Significant sex interactions prompted the use of separate models for girls and boys. In addition to the identification of early (family socioeconomic status, authoritative parenting style) and proximal adolescent (mental health symptoms, deviant friends) risk factors for both girls and boys, results highlighted important sex differences. In particular, girls with higher alcohol consumption at Grade 10 were distinguished by the interaction of early temperamental disinhibition and exposure to parental stress; boys with higher alcohol consumption at Grade 10 were distinguished primarily by early temperamental negative affect. Results have implications for the timing and type of interventions offered to adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gender and racial differences in treatment process and outcome among participants in the adolescent community reinforcement approach.

Increasingly, evidence-based treatments are being implemented by community treatment providers, and it is important to understand whether they can be implemented with similar quality and equivalent effectiveness across gender and racial groups. This study examined whether initiation, engagement, dosage, treatment satisfaction, or outcomes for adolescents who received the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) in a large implementation effort were equivalent by gender or racial group. Analyses of data from 2,141 adolescents representing 33 sites across the United States revealed no significant differences for initiation, engagement, or retention by gender or race. Ninety-six percent of the sample reported being satisfied with treatment; however, male adolescents had significantly higher rates of treatment satisfaction than female adolescents, and African American adolescents had significantly higher rates of treatment satisfaction than Caucasian adolescents. A subset of the initial sample (n = 1,819) was used to investigate outcomes. All racial groups had significant increases in days abstinent from alcohol and other drugs and in the percentage in recovery across the measurement period but did not differ from one another at the six-month follow-up. Female adolescents had a higher percentage of days abstinent from alcohol and other drugs and were more likely to be in recovery at the six-month follow-up than male adolescents. Overall, process indicators suggest the intervention was well implemented across gender and racial groups and equally effective across racial groups, with males having equivalent gains in abstinence and recovery compared with females despite males having greater intake severity and differential outcomes at six months. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Youth depression and early childrearing: Stress generation and intergenerational transmission of depression.

Objective: Broadening the concept of stress generation beyond acute life events, the current study explores predictors of the creation of stressful environments—specifically, selection into early childrearing by age 20. It was predicted that youth with early onset depressive disorders would be at higher risk for early childrearing accompanied by greater depression and parenting maladjustment. Additional analyses tested hypotheses about the roles of interpersonal vulnerability and intergenerational transmission of depression and examined gender differences. Method: A community sample of 706 adolescents and their mothers were studied at ages 15 and 20. The sample was originally selected to oversample families with depressed mothers. Results: Results confirmed the hypotheses for women but not men: Young women with depression by age 15 were at greater risk for interpersonal difficulties at age 15 and early childrearing, accompanied by further depression and parenting dysfunction at age 20. The effects of (grand)maternal depression were evident in predicting youth early onset depression and interpersonal difficulties, as well as higher rates of depression among their daughters who had children by age 20. Conclusions: The study expands the definition of stress generation to include the role of past depression and other risk factors as predictors of selection into a stressful childrearing environment. The findings also describe aspects of the intergenerational transmission of depression. The results highlight potentially important targets for interventions in young women to prevent recurrence of major depression and parenting dysfunction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Adolescents' exposure to sexy media does not hasten the initiation of sexual intercourse.

It is widely believed that exposure to sexy content in the mass media leads teenagers to become sexually active. Although most research linking sexy media exposure to adolescents' sexual behavior is cross-sectional, several recent, well-publicized longitudinal studies purport to find a causal connection, which has alarmed the public and prompted criticism of the entertainment industry for its corrupting influence on youth. One problem in research on media effects on sexual activity, however, is that outcomes that are presumed to result from media exposure may actually be due to factors that differentially predispose adolescents to have different degrees of media exposure and are themselves related to sexual activity. We reanalyzed data from one of these longitudinal studies (Brown et al., 2006) using propensity score matching to control for preexisting differences between adolescents with and without high exposure to sexy media. With such controls for differential selection in place, we found no evidence that the initiation of sexual intercourse is hastened by exposure to sexy media. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Intergenerational cultural dissonance in parent–adolescent relationships among Chinese and European Americans.

Generational cultural gaps (assessed as the mismatch between adolescents' ideals and perceptions of the parent–adolescent relationship) were investigated among Chinese youth with immigrant parents and their European American counterparts who have been in the United States for generations and assumingly do not have intergenerational cultural gaps. The authors of the study examined the associations of such generational gaps with adolescents' behavioral problems and whether youth's appreciation of Chinese parent–adolescent relationships (parental devotion, sacrifice, thoughtfulness, and guan) described by the notion of qin would moderate the relationship between discrepancies and youth's adjustment. A total of 634 high school students (M = 15.97 years; 95 and 154 first- and second-generation Chinese American respectively, and 385 European Americans) completed measures of parental warmth, parent–adolescent open communication, qin, and psychological adjustment. The U.S.-born Chinese American adolescents' ideals exceeded perceptions of parents' warmth and open communication to a greater degree than it did for European American adolescents (ps     

Mind-body skills groups for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in Palestinian children and adolescents in Gaza.

A mind-body skills group program was evaluated to determine its effects on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and on hopelessness in children and adolescents in Gaza. The 10-session mind-body skills groups included meditation, guided imagery, breathing techniques, autogenic training, biofeedback, genograms, and self-expression through words, drawings, and movement. Data were analyzed from 129 children and adolescents meeting criteria for PTSD. Significant improvements in PTSD and depression symptoms and a significant decrease in a sense of hopelessness were observed immediately following participation in the program. At 7-month follow-up, the improvements in the total PTSD and depression scores were largely maintained and the decreased sense of hopelessness was fully maintained despite ongoing violent conflict and economic hardship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sibling relationship quality and adolescent delinquency: A latent growth curve approach.

The present study examined whether level and changes in sibling relationship quality and older sibling delinquency are related to level and changes in younger sibling delinquency, for brother, sister, older brother/younger sister and older sister/younger brother sibling pairs. Questionnaire data were collected from 249 Dutch sibling pairs (11–15 years old) over a period of three years, with annual measurements. Results showed that level and over-time changes in sibling relationship quality and older and younger sibling delinquency were significantly different for the four sibling gender combinations. Results of multivariate growth curve modeling showed that sibling relationship quality was related to delinquency of older siblings (but not younger siblings), and delinquency of older siblings was associated with younger sibling delinquency two years later. We also found differences between the four sibling gender combinations. For example, for brother and sister pairs (but not mixed-sex sibling pairs), over-time changes in older sibling delinquency were related to younger sibling delinquency two years later as well as the change pattern in younger sibling delinquency over time. Strengths, limitations and possible implications for research and intervention of adolescent delinquency are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

évaluation de la fiabilité d'un dispositif d'évaluation des habiletés sociales chez des adolescents ayant des troubles du comportement.

Behaviour difficulties (BD) in school-age children and adolescent constitute an increasingly important concern for all participants in the Quebec and foreign education systems. The risk factors that can contribute to the development of BD are numerous (Kauffman, 2005). Amongst these appears a whole set of skills related to social competence (Bowen, Desbiens, Martin, & Hamel, 2001). The present study aims to test, by means of Generalisability theory, the reliability of the evaluation process developed to measure the level of teenage social skills according to various indicators (cooperation, self-control, assertion), various sources of information (adolescent, parent, and teacher), and various times (pretest, posttest 1, posttest 2). The coefficient of relative generalisability was found to be higher than the limit considered satisfactory, indicating that the evaluation process is reliable enough to allow differentiation of social skills for adolescent with BD. To develop intervention guidelines for BD students, a review of the sources of variation that may influence the accuracy of the measurement provided by the evaluation process is conducted through an analysis of facets (Bertrand & Blais, 2004) and a study of the most important variances components (Bain & Pini, 1996). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)