浅埋煤层群采场周期来压顶板结构及支架载荷

现场勘查发现,神府矿区浅埋煤层群间隔岩层厚度大多在15～45 m时,间隔岩层易存在单一关键层结构。文章通过现场实测得出了浅埋煤层群开采周期来压的基本特征:来压步距减小、强度增大、煤壁片帮严重,动载现象、台阶下沉现象和大、小周期来压现象明显。物理相似模拟实验揭示了间隔岩层关键层与上煤层已扰动关键层同步与非同步破断的大、小周期来压机理,发现了间隔岩层关键层与已扰动关键层共同形成的"梁-拱-壳"结构形态,给出了上煤层已扰动关键层结构形态的判别方法,得出了浅埋煤层群开采顶板周期破断可形成"台阶-台阶"、"砌体-台阶"、"砌体-砌体"的基本结构。综合建立了浅埋煤层群开采间隔岩层周期破断结构与力学模型,给出了支架受动静载荷作用的工作阻力计算方法,并得到了现场验证。     

Asynchronous control for two‐dimensional hidden Markovian jump systems with partly known mode observation conditional probabilities

This study focuses on the asynchronous control problem for two‐dimensional discrete‐time hidden Markovian jump systems where the mode observation conditional probability matrix is partly known. Considering the original system modes are invisible, the observed modes emitted from an observer serve as an alternative for stability analysis and controller design where a mode observation conditional probability matrix is constructed to characterize the emission between system modes and observed modes. Specially, only partly known information of the mode observation conditional probability matrix is accessible. With the introduction of the free‐connection weighting matrices, the asymptotic mean square stability criterion is firstly derived based on Lyapunov method. This introduction provides a further degree of relaxation and less conservatism is therefore achieved. Secondly, we present synthesis conditions for asynchronous state feedback controller design given in terms of a set of interconnected linear matrix inequalities. Moreover, cluster concept based on the partitions of observed modes is adopted which helps to decrease the number of controllers and simplify the design complexity. A numerical example, regarding the cases with and without clustering of the observed modes, is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Q值正演模拟约束下的零偏移距VSP资料Q值估算

随着油气勘探目的层逐步走向深部,球面扩散、透射损失、环境噪声等使得VSP资料的初至子波发生改变,导致常规的Q值估算方法质量难以得到保证。为此,利用塔里木盆地托甫台地区TP327井零偏移距VSP资料,综合考虑透射损失和球面扩散的影响,提出一种Q值正演模拟约束下的零偏移距VSP资料Q值估算方法。该方法通过研究区的纵波速度、横波速度和密度建立层状地质模型,利用射线追踪的方法,用大地吸收介质模型的Q值正演模拟结果,对频谱比法和经验公式估算的初始Q值进行修正,使得Q值正演模拟结果与实际地震波的衰减记录在频谱特征上吻合,从而得到更为精确的Q模型。TP327井Q值估算结果表明,该方法与李庆忠经验公式得到的结果在浅层比较接近,但在中层和深层,两者差异较大;Q值正演模拟结果约束的子波与实际VSP资料子波的频谱比较吻合,证实用Q值正演模拟约束得到的层间Q值更为可靠。利用Q值正演模拟约束方法得到的Q模型对研究区地震资料进行反Q滤波能显著提高地震资料分辨率,有助于提高碳酸盐岩地层中缝洞的识别精度。     

薄煤层中垂直裂缝地震响应特征模拟分析

通过定义一个简单的薄煤层模型,在不断增加煤层中垂直裂缝数量的条件下,利用基于分裂节点的有限元数值方法模拟了含有不同条数裂隙煤层的地震反射波场;通过与不含裂缝、各向同性薄煤层反射的多波波场对比分析发现:裂缝的存在会对煤层的反射产生影响,但裂缝密度低时影响微弱,裂缝密度增加到一定程度后会出现类似调谐作用的反射能量干涉加强;裂缝密度进一步升高,对煤层反射的影响主要反映在高频成分的增加,对振幅影响较弱,说明煤层的反射强度主要受薄层的干涉作用影响较大;从理论地震波场分析的角度证明了薄煤层含裂缝的不可忽视性及反演的可能性。     

基于层析成像法的煤矿采空区勘探方法研究

为了对某井田采空区的埋深、地理位置以及现状进行精细化了解，确保井田在后期开采过程中矿井开采设计合理，采用层析成像法，研究了煤矿采空区地球物理特征、井田的地质概况以及层析成像在采空区勘探中的应用，采用炸药进行激发，接收点设置在地面，设置10条测线，共设置407道。研究得出:当地震波穿过采空区时，其能量、频率和能量均发生了显著的变化；在研究区，钻孔ZK2、ZK3钻孔位置处出现了显著的低速异常，表明该位置有采空区的存在，然后与实际钻孔资料进行对比分析，得出的反演结果较好地预测了采空区的位置，研究为同地质条件下井田采空区探测提供了借鉴。     

页岩各向异性对被动源微地震波场的影响

页岩储层具有较强的各向异性特征，忽略页岩各向异性对被动源微地震波（水力压裂产生）传播的影响，可能会降低储层表征结果的可信度。为此，提出一种定量评估地震波场旅行时和振幅偏差的方法，并基于理论数值算例，研究页岩各向异性对被动源微地震波场的影响。首先，利用矩张量模型描述爆炸型和剪切型微地震震源，并基于三维各向异性介质弹性波动方程和交错网格有限差分算法，正演模拟被动源的微地震波场；然后，对比不同震源、不同程度各向异性介质的理论波场，计算其P波和S波相对于各向同性介质波场的旅行时及振幅偏差，定性分析和定量评估不同震源机制下页岩各向异性对微地震波场特征的具体影响。数值算例的结果表明：对于所采用的地面微地震监测系统和平层VTI介质模型，页岩各向异性对微地震波场旅行时和振幅的影响均较为显著，旅行时偏差可达子波周期的30%，振幅相对偏差则高达60%，且旅行时偏差随炮检距增加而增大。此外，不同震源机制下，微地震波场特征受页岩各向异性影响的规律相似。     

GEOPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SANGU GAS FIELD,OFFSHORE, BANGLADESH: CONSTRAINTS ON RESERVOIRS

The only produced offshore gas field in Bangladesh, known as the Sangu field, is located in the Hatiya Trough in the east of the Bay of Bengal, and has estimated total reserves of about 1055 BCF GIIP. The early shut-down of the field in October 2013 may have resulted in significant volumes of recoverable gas being left in the subsurface over a depth range of 1893 m to 3640 m. In this paper, seismic and well log data were analyzed and interpreted in order to investigate the structure and stratigraphy of the Sangu field, together with the lithology, extent and petrophysical properties of the reservoir. The general lithostratigraphy at Sangu has some similarity to that of the Surma Basin of the Bengal Foredeep. Reservoir rocks consist of Miocene and Pliocene deltaic sandstones and deep-water clastics. The source rock is the Miocene Bhuban Shale which is mature for gas generation in the Hatiya Trough. Three Neogene seismic stratigraphic megasequences were recognised at Sangu and are interpreted to have been deposited respectively in fluvial, delta front and shelf slope or marginal marine settings. Based on an analysis of wireline logs from wells Sangu-1 and Sangu-5 and on seismic-to-well ties, a series of reservoir units referred to (from the base up) as the T1 (E, D, C, A&B), Supra-T1, T2 and T3 have been identified. Petrophysical analyses showed that the average total porosity of these reservoir units is >13%, the permeability is in general less than10 mD, and the gas saturation ranges from 24% to 80%. Mapping of the reservoirs shows that the structure at Sangu is an asymmetric anticline with a NNW-SSE axial trend. Amplitude data have allowed the delineation of two other potential reservoir zones in the field at depths of 2900-3000 m and 3550-3750 m. The study will contribute to future offshore gas exploration and development in the Bay of Bengal region based on the geological and geophysical characteristics of the reservoirs delineated.     

高温环境下编织-嵌槽型金属橡胶的疲劳特性分析

采用拉-压式组合试验工装，以位移控制的加载方式对编织-嵌槽型金属橡胶进行了疲劳试验，研究了常温（25 ℃）及高温（300 ℃）环境下编织-嵌槽型金属橡胶在不同加载振幅下的疲劳特性，并通过平均刚度、等效黏性阻尼系数及其损伤因子对构件的损伤演化过程进行了表征。结果表明：编织-嵌槽型金属橡胶构件的疲劳损伤形式表现为磨损、断丝以及塑性变形；构件在各种试验条件下的疲劳过程均可分为刚度强化期和刚度衰减期，而构件力学性能的衰减主要发生在刚度衰减期；温度的升高或振幅的增大均会显著增大构件的积累损伤，进而缩短其使用寿命。     

基于熵加权K-means全局信息聚类的高光谱图像分类

目的 高光谱图像波段数目巨大，导致在解译及分类过程中出现“维数灾难”的现象。针对该问题，在K-means聚类算法基础上，考虑各个波段对不同聚类的重要程度，同时顾及类间信息，提出一种基于熵加权K-means全局信息聚类的高光谱图像分类算法。方法 首先，引入波段权重，用来刻画各个波段对不同聚类的重要程度，并定义熵信息测度表达该权重。其次，为避免局部最优聚类，引入类间距离测度实现全局最优聚类。最后，将上述两类测度引入K-means聚类目标函数，通过最小化目标函数得到最优分类结果。结果 为了验证提出的高光谱图像分类方法的有效性，对Salinas高光谱图像和Pavia University高光谱图像标准图中的地物类别根据其光谱反射率差异程度进行合并，将合并后的标准图作为新的标准分类图。分别采用本文算法和传统K-means算法对Salinas高光谱图像和Pavia University高光谱图像进行实验，并定性、定量地评价和分析了实验结果。对于图像中合并后的地物类别，光谱反射率差异程度大，从视觉上看，本文算法较传统K-means算法有更好的分类结果；从分类精度看，本文算法的总精度分别为92.20%和82.96%， K-means算法的总精度分别为83.39%和67.06%，较K-means算法增长8.81%和15.9%。结论 提出一种基于熵加权K-means全局信息聚类的高光谱图像分类算法，实验结果表明，本文算法对高光谱图像中具有不同光谱反射率差异程度的各类地物目标均能取得很好的分类结果。