天人合一与生态保护

"天人合一"的哲学内涵,体现了人与自然和谐的思想.现代生态学的哲学基础应该追溯到中国传统哲学特别是"天人合一"的理念.近现代西方占主导的哲学思想是"天人二分"及"人类中心主义",这些哲学理念与现代科技进步相结合,强化了人们"征服自然""主宰世界"的意识.当代出现的生态危机和资源枯竭迫使人们通过深刻反思,认识到只有树立"天人合一"理念、实现人与自然和谐,才有可能使人类摆脱困境走上可持续发展的道路.     

Critical Discourse Analysis and the ecological turn in intercultural communication

ABSTRACT

Intercultural communication and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) have formed a fruitful partnership over the last decade. However, both stand at a juncture with exciting possibilities and imperatives for growth as the fields reflect on their overwhelming emphasis on deconstructive critiques and largely anthropocentric inquiry. In a recent work, S. Lily Mendoza and I argued that (critical) intercultural communication must go beyond its exclusive attention to anthropocentric concerns and begin to approach identity, culture, and intercultural communication from an ecologically grounded perspective. One part of this move is the need for examining culture, communication, and interculturality with critical eyes on the ways anthropocentrism shapes and organizes them, and another part is engaging and exploring alternatives. Building on this argument, this essay will discuss the potential of CDA in playing an integral role in the ecological turn in the study of intercultural communication. With rapidly deteriorating ecological health as an urgent context, CDA has already begun to take an ecological turn as marked by the articulation of ecolingustics as CDA. This essay presents a discussion of ecolingustics as a promising lens through which to examine intercultural communication.     

论《淮南子》的生态哲学思想

《淮南子》生态哲学在本体论上坚持“道生万物”的形而上学;在自然观上强调“天人同构”的生态整体主义观点;在价值观上主张“我亦物也”的生态平等主义思想;在实践观上倡导“自然无为”的生活理念。这与现代西方生态哲学理论不谋而合,其特有的东方生态智慧能够为丰富和发展现代生态哲学理论带来有益的启示。     

重新解读“以人为本”的城市规划理念

在城市日新月异、功能日趋完善时,城市却像是个冰冷复杂的容器,繁华的背后包裹着一个没有灵魂、缺乏个性的城市有机体,当规划师们都讲求"以人为本"的城市规划理念的时候,存在着对该观点的误读,本文力图运用发展的眼观看待该观点,解读作为一个有机的整体的城市,如何让人与自然共生,如何更加美好。     

为人类中心主义辩护

辨析了人类中心主义的概念,认为当代西方与国内学者对人类中心主义的界定相差甚远。现代意义上的人类中心是人类文化的深层价值观念,是在改造自然与社会过程中的哲学观念。在当代有必要坚持新的人类中心主义,更好地做到“以人为本”,使人的权利和责任意识达到一种新的升华。坚持新人类中心主义具有有利于实现社会经济的可持续发展等现实作用。     

AI,anthropocentrism, and the evolution of ‘intelligence’

Intuitive conceptions guide practice, but practice reciprocally reshapes intuition. The intuitive conception of intelligence in AI was originally highly anthropocentric. However, the internal dynamics of AI research have resulted in a divergence from anthropocentric concerns. In particular, the increasing emphasis on commonsense knowledge and peripheral intelligence (perception and movement) in effect constitutes an incipient reorientation of intuitions about the nature of intelligence in a non-anthropocentric direction. I argue that this conceptual shift undermines Joseph Weizenbaum's claim that the project of artificial intelligence is inherently dehumanizing.     

二元对立自然观的悖论——《老人与海》生态学解读

从生态批评的视角,解读了《老人与海》中海明威对待自然的双重性。他一方面肯定自然不可战胜,人应该亲近自然和热爱自然,谴责人类征服自然的行径;另一方面却宣扬人类中心主义的价值观,高唱对自然进行精神征服,表现了现代人在处理人与自然关系问题上的迷茫。     

The sensitive interface

One of the most important problems in human-computer interaction is that of maximising communication between the user and the computer. We claim that optimum communication will be facilitated when the computer can analyse and respond to the intentions of the computer user. We propose a philosophy for computer interface design in which the computer analyses the intentions of users through verbal and nonverbal media. With respect to verbal media we describe a computer program called Operating System CONsultant (OSCON) which can analyse users' intentions from English in the domain of computer operating systems. With respect to nonverbal media we argue that computers will be better able to analyse people's intentions when recognising the media of facial expression, touch, and sound. Some results and implications from a recent experiment on cross-cultural emotions in faces are discussed. We describe the IDIOMS (Intelligent Decision-making In On-line Management Systems) project which implements a design philosophy for capturing users' concepts and intentions. We argue that this approach will ensure the computers will become more understanding of their users and this will result in a more sensitive human-computer interface.     

The Implications of an Externalist Theory of Rule-Following Behaviour for Robot Cognition

Given (1) Wittgensteins externalist analysis of the distinction between following a rule and behaving in accordance with a rule, (2) prima facie connections between rule-following and psychological capacities, and (3) pragmatic issues about training, it follows that most, even all, future artificially intelligent computers and robots will not use language, possess concepts, or reason. This argument suggests that AIs traditional aim of building machines with minds, exemplified in current work on cognitive robotics, is in need of substantial revision.