Defining Dry Eye from a Clinical Perspective

Over the past decades, the number of patients with dry eye disease (DED) has increased dramatically. The incidence of DED is higher in Asia than in Europe and North America, suggesting the involvement of cultural or racial factors in DED etiology. Although many definitions of DED have been used, discrepancies exist between the various definitions of dry eye disease (DED) used across the globe. This article presents a clinical consensus on the definition of DED, as formulated in four meetings with global DED experts. The proposed new definition is as follows: “Dry eye is a multifactorial disease characterized by a persistently unstable and/or deficient tear film (TF) causing discomfort and/or visual impairment, accompanied by variable degrees of ocular surface epitheliopathy, inflammation and neurosensory abnormalities.” The key criteria for the diagnosis of DED are unstable TF, inflammation, ocular discomfort and visual impairment. This definition also recommends the assessment of ocular surface epitheliopathy and neurosensory abnormalities in each patient with suspected DED. It is easily applicable in clinical practice and should help practitioners diagnose DED consistently. This consensus definition of DED should also help to guide research and clinical trials that, to date, have been hampered by the lack of an established surrogate endpoint.     

创建和发展自然灾害摩擦学

回顾了自然灾害摩擦学孕育的历史背景，阐明其定义、研究对象、社会功能和主要任务。介绍这一新领域研究的主要进展，并提出今后的研究方向。     

基于符号模型检测的Web服务组合形式化验证

随着经济的发展和市场竞争的加剧,企业必须能够快速且准确地满足市场和用户的各种需求。Web服务组合正是由于单个Web服务不能满足企业及用户的需求而产生的一种技术,而如何确保组合的正确性来实现服务增值是一个尚未完全解决的问题。针对此问题,提出了一种基于符号模型检测器NuSMV对Web服务组合进行验证的方法,并提出了基于消息会话的Web服务有限状态自动机的形式化定义。最后实例验证了Web服务组合交互的正确性和有无死锁状态现象,进一步证明了方法的可行性。     

地下道路功能定位及其在上海市的适用性分析

简述了城市地下道路在地下交通系统中的地位,结合国内外已有和规划的地下道路实际案例,总结了多功能快速地下道路、改善区域性路网功能和解决交通阻塞节点的地下道路的不同功能定位、基本特征及其适用性.并通过对上海市城市规划和交通问题的分析,介绍了浦东新通道快速地下道路、外滩地区地下道路和徐家汇地区地下道路等规划方案,可为国内其他城市地下道路规划提供参考.     

山地城市空间的三维集约生态界定

以山地城市空间三维集约特质为切入点,提出保护城市内外的河川、分水岭、林地、陡坡、冲沟、滑坡等不适于城市建设的生态敏感地域,以自然生态敏感地域与人工生态绿化区的精细组合为基础,构建山地城市建设空间的三维生态界定体系。在界定系统的有机整合过程中实现集约生态效益,在优化城市土地利用的同时,营造良好的城市空间环境品质。     

On the flame height definition for upward flame spread

Flame height is defined by the experimentalists as the average position of the luminous flame and, consequently is not directly linked with a quantitative value of a physical parameter. To determine flame heights from both numerical and theoretical results, a more quantifiable criterion is needed to define flame heights and must be in agreement with the experiments to allow comparisons. For wall flames, steady wall flame experiments revealed that flame height may be defined by a threshold value on the wall heat flux. From steady wall flame measurements, three definitions of flame height from wall heat flux are retained: the first is based on the continuous flame while the two others are based on threshold values of 4 kW/m² and 10 kW/m². These definitions are applied to determine flame heights from a two-dimensional time-dependent CFD model used to describe flame spread on a vertical slab of PMMA. Results show that the predicted flame heights are consistent with the available data of the literature. Defining flame height by threshold values on the wall heat flux of 4 and 10 kW/m² allows the correlation of the wall heat flux in terms of (x−x_p)/(x_fl−x_p), which is the dimensionless characteristic length scale for upward flame spread. It is also found that the continuous flame is not a characteristic length for the heat transfer to the unburnt fuel and is not really appropriate to define flame height in upward flame spread.     

钱江新城新塘河水处理场出水综合利用工程

介绍了新塘河取水泵站及水处理场将部分出水用于新城范围内的道路清扫、绿化浇灌及景观换水等,避免了资源的浪费,真正做到了低水低用,高水高用。供水流量Q=100L/s,供水水质基本达到城市城镇杂用水质控制指标。     

援外项目设计阶段工程造价的确定与控制

援外项 目具 有其 自 身的 特 点。 本文 结合 实 际论 述 了其 工程 费用 的 构成 及 概算 的编 制方 法 ,提 出了 在设 计 阶段 如何对 其工 程造 价进 行 确定 与 控制 。     

EPSW2003与全站仪的数据通讯

介绍了在使用EPSW2003外业测绘软件以电子平板方式测绘地形图时,对全站仪和EPSW2003软件所应进行的通讯参数设置,介绍了EPSW2003软件通讯文件的定义原理,并对可能出现的异常情况进行了分析处理.     

浅埋煤层的矿压特征与浅埋煤层定义

根据3个不同条件的浅埋煤层工作面矿压实测，得出了中国特大浅埋矿区顶板破断规律与普通采场不同，主要特征是顶板切落式破断和台阶下沉，顶板垮落一般形成冒落带和裂隙带。并初步提出了以关键层、基载比和埋深为指标的浅埋煤层定义，为正确建立顶板结构模型和进行顶板控制奠定了基础。