利用Ka波段云雷达研究青藏高原对流云和降水的垂 直结构及微观物理特征

对第三次青藏高原大气科学试验的Ka波段毫米波云雷达功率谱和雨滴谱仪资料提出了数据处理和质量控制方法,并计算了常用物理量和国内运用很少的物理量(谱偏度、谱峰度、粒子平均下落末速度、大气垂直速度).应用这些物理量对2015年7月16日青藏高原(那曲)一次对流云-降水的垂直结构和微观物理过程进行了研究分析.结果表明:(1)青藏高原地区的降霰对流云在16:00-17:00发展到最强,具有和低海拔地区冰雹云相类似的结构;(2)同一对流云中,地面降霰前后,谱偏度由"正-负-正-负"结构变为负偏度为主,谱峰度由负值转为零值附近,云内粒子更趋于球形;(3)对流云中,强上升气流(≥6 m/s)贯穿-17～-7℃的过冷水层,冰晶与过冷水撞冻和淞附增长形成较大的霰,反之,上升气流较弱(≤4 m/s),淞附增长较弱,霰粒子较小;(4)对流云中,冰晶和霰的融化出现在环境0℃层上方的300 m区域内.     

Irregular snow crystals: structural features as revealed by low temperature scanning electron microscopy

For nearly 50 years, investigators using light microscopy have vaguely alluded to a unique type of snow crystal that has become known as an irregular snow crystal. However, the limited resolution and depth-of-field of the light microscope has prevented investigators from characterizing these crystals. In this study, a field-emission scanning electron microscope, equipped with a cold stage, was used to document the structural features, physical associations, and atmospheric metamorphosis of irregular snow crystals. The crystals appear as irregular hexagons, measuring 60 to 90 mm across, when viewed from the a-axis. Their length (c-axis) rarely exceeds the diameter. The irregular crystals are occasionally found as secondary particles on other larger forms of snow crystals; however, they most frequently occur in aggregates consisting of more than 100 irregular crystals. In the aggregates, the irregular crystals have their axes oriented parallel to one another and, collectively, tend to form columnar structures. Occasionally, these columnar structures exhibit rounded faces along one side, suggesting atmospheric metamorphoses during formation and descent. In extreme cases of metamorphoses, the aggregates would be difficult to distinguish from graupel. Frost, consisting of irregular crystals, has also been encountered, suggesting that atmospheric conditions that favor their growth can also occur terrestrially.