关于小规划的探讨--以临港主城区规划深化研究为例

随着城市发展建设阶段的不同,城市规划越来越多的从展示规划者雄心壮志的“大规划”转变为可操作性强、以人为本的“小规划”。这一转变是如何发生的？“小规划”的特质又是什么？本文将通过结合本地实践项目予以阐述。     

磺化工艺的危险性及可操作性分析

磺化工艺作为国家安全监管总局所列的首批重点监管的危险化工工艺,已经受到政府部门、企业以及设计单位的高度重视。通过对磺化工艺的介绍,阐述如何通过辨识危险因素,确定重大危险源,从而采取相关的应急停车系统,并通过引用HAZOP分析技术来进行危险工艺的安全设计,进而采取合理的事故防范措施。     

基于未确知的化工系统HAZOP分析

基于传统的HAZOP分析存在量化困难的缺陷,提出未确知数-HAZOP分析模型,该模型不仅解决传统HAZOP分析的存在的问题,还可以根据专家经验程度的不同整合专家给出的原因事件的概率区间值。文章利用该模型对运行过程中的化工装置进行了定性定量的分析。未确知数-HAZOP的分析思想对于进行化工事故预防具有重要的意义。     

化工园区及其生产装置等设施的安全问题探讨

化工园区很多化工生产装置、罐区等集聚在一起,安全问题十分重要,必须有防护措施。介绍了国内外安全评价发展及事故概况。国外强调提高本质安全水平和对人员进行安全文化教育,以防止事故发生和减少损失。现国外已普遍采用危险和可操作性研究(HAZOP)方法进行分析研究并认为其行之有效。最后对安全问题提出几点意见供参考。     

Plantwide operability assessment for nonlinear processes using a microscopic level network analysis

The increase of raw material and energy costs has caused a shift in process design philosophy leading to more complex chemical plants utilising heat integration and material recycles. This warrants plantwide dynamic operability analysis in the process design stage. In our previous work, a networked plantwide operability analysis approach was developed, where the plantwide process is viewed as a network of process units connected via mass and energy flow. Such an analysis is based on the dissipativity of each process unit and the topology of the process network. However, to determine the dissipativity of multivariable nonlinear process units is often extremely difficult. In this work, we take the network approach to a microscopic level and treat each nonlinear multivariable process unit as a network of individual (single state) mass and energy balances (sub-systems). The plantwide process is then viewed as a network of such sub-systems rather than physical process units. The dissipativity of these simple sub-systems can often be determined more easily in comparison to that of multivariable sub-systems. The dissipativity property (in terms of supply rate) of the entire nonlinear process can be parametrised by the dissipativity of individual sub-systems, leading to a cluster of supply rates. The operability of the plantwide nonlinear process can then be determined based on the above parametrised dissipativity which can be much less conservative than existing nonlinear analysis. The effects of interactions caused by the interconnections are considered explicitly based on the network topology. The stability and stabilisability analysis problem is then converted into a feasibility problem with linear matrix inequalities which can be solved numerically. The application of the proposed approach requires successful determination of the dissipativity of nonlinear sub-systems.     

Modern Technology Applied in Advanced BWR (ABWR)

The Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR) has been developed by an international team of BWR manufacturers to respond to worldwide utility needs in the 1990's. Major objectives of the ABWR program are design simplification; improved safety and reliability; reduced construction, fuel and operating costs; improved maneuverability; and reduced radiation exposure and radwaste. The ABWR is the result of the continuing evolution of the BWR, incorporating state-of-the-art technology and improvements based on worldwide experience, and extensive design and test and development programs. The ABWR incorporates the best proven features from BWR designs in Japan, the United States and Europe. The many new features are seen to provide superiority in terms of performance characteristics and economics relative to current LWR designs. The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. recently announced the selection of General Electric Co., Hitachi, Ltd. and Toshiba Corp. to design and construct two lead Advanced Boiling Water Reactors as Unit 6 and 7 at the Kashiwazaki Kariwa Nuclear Power Station. Construction is scheduled for the early 1990's, and commercial operation planned for 1996 for Unit 6 and 1998 for Unit 7.     

Quality assessment support system and its use in pharmaceutical plant operations

On the basis of the quality by design approach, aggregation of knowledge in process chemistry and manufacturing operations is essential for the continuous development of pharmaceutical products and processes. We develop a model-based framework to describe process chemistry oriented phenomenal sequences leading to quality hazards (process deviation scenario), which should be independent of any specific plant structural information, and manufacturing procedural error oriented event propagations (procedural control scenario), which concern a specific plant structure. We propose a system, Quality-HAZOP, to analyze the scenarios in which manufacturing errors can affect product quality via complex propagation pathways. This system supports bidirectional improvement proposal between recipe scientists and process engineers. This proposal triggers risk information exchange that supports the continuous improvement of the process in life-cycle pharmaceutical development.     

矿物掺合料对磷酸镁水泥性能影响及机理研究现状

磷酸镁水泥(MPC),具有快硬、早强等优点,应用于道路抢修、重金属固化等领域,但其存在凝结时间过快、耐久性差等缺陷。通过矿物掺合料对MPC进行改性,延缓其凝结时间、改善其耐久性的同时,实现了工业废渣的循环再利用。本工作综述了粉煤灰、矿渣、偏高岭土、硅灰等矿物掺合料对MPC流动度、凝结时间、力学性能、耐久性的影响,并对矿物掺合料改性磷酸镁水泥的机理进行了分析探讨。鉴于目前矿物掺合料改性磷酸镁水泥研究中存在的问题,并结合实际应用需求,对MPC改性研究及其发展方向进行了展望,为矿物掺合料改性MPC研究提供相关依据。     

Comparative risk study of hydrogen and gasoline dispensers for vehicles

This paper describes an investigation into the acceptability of installing hydrogen dispensers in public areas based on risk assessments. Because gasoline dispenser risks have been widely accepted for many years, they were used as a benchmark in this study to analyze the risks of hydrogen dispensers. More specifically, we performed risk assessments for both hydrogen and gasoline dispensers and then compared and analyzed the results. We began the process by creating models for both hydrogen and gasoline dispensers that represented their various specifications and elements. Next, potential accident scenarios for each dispenser model were identified by failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) and hazard and operability study (HAZOP). The risks of each scenario were then qualitatively evaluated and the results were organized into risk matrices. By comparing the results of both hydrogen and gasoline dispensers with and without existing safety measures, the appropriateness of their safety measures were validated. Furthermore, by comparing the results of hydrogen and gasoline dispenser safety measures, it was confirmed that the risk levels of the two types were practically equivalent. Therefore, we concluded that the risks involved with installing hydrogen dispensers in public areas can be considered acceptable.     

深水J形首端PLET 安装分析

基于南海陵水17-2深水油气田开发,针对J形首端海底管道终端（Pipeline End Termination,PLET）安装,采用OrcaFlex软件开展数值模拟,研究波流载荷对安装系统的影响,以得到其作业窗口,并分析J形首端PLET安装过程中作业窗口的影响因素。结果表明,PLET在飞溅区和预着陆阶段比较危险,波浪周期约10 s波流同向横浪是安装作业的控制工况。研究内容为南海陵水17-2海底管道J形首端PLET安装提供了重要的技术支持。