科研管理项目管理系统设计与开发

信息化时代推动了我国科研水平飞速增长,为各行业、各领域提供先进的技术与设备支持,以此提升我国整体的GDP水平。文章认为在提升科研水平的过程中,科研项目管理系统起到举足轻重的作用,为科研活动的规范性、合理性与可行性提供了参考标准。     

中国石油工业上游发展面临的挑战与未来科技攻关方向

石油和天然气是全球和中国最重要的一次能源。石油工业的生存发展是由油气资源、市场、技术和社会政治经济环境等要素决定的，其中，技术进步是最活跃和最关键的因素之一。中国已成为全球油气生产消费大国，中国石油工业上游的发展也高度依赖石油科技的进步。中国石油工业已形成了先进完整的理论技术研发和装备制造体系，支撑了油气产量持续稳产和增产。未来是中国社会经济发展的关键期，石油工业必将面对重大挑战与新的技术需求，大力实施国家创新战略，发展具有国际领先水平的新一代勘探开发理论技术，支撑油气产业发展，保障国家油气能源安全。中国石油工业上游在未来面临的重大挑战与技术需求包括：①满足中国未来现代化建设的巨大油气需求和保障油气供应安全，这当中必须加大中国油气勘探开发，同时进一步扩大全球及"一带一路"油气投资与生产；②实现中国石油长期稳产2×10⁸t/a以上；③实现中国天然气产量上升至3 000×10⁸m³/a并长期稳产；④发展海洋及深水油气勘探开发先进技术与装备；⑤形成新一代石油工程服务技术装备和数字化转型。中国石油工业上游未来的科技攻关方向和研发重点包括：①先进的石油大幅度提高采收率技术；②大气田勘探与复杂气田提高采收率技术；③非常规油气勘探开发技术；④海洋及深水油气勘探开发技术及装备；⑤"一带一路"油气勘探开发技术；⑥新一代石油工程服务技术装备和数字化转型。     

一种有效折扣证据源的冲突证据合成方法

为解决证据组合规则中一票否决和弱决策证据在低冲突情况下出现的反直观推理的现象，提出一种有效折扣证据源的冲突证据合成方法。首先根据证据的信任函数和似然函数求得证据间的相似度，然后求出证据之间的支持程度，并确定折扣因子，最后采用Dempster组合规则合成利用折扣因子修正后的证据源。数值算例分析结果表明，改进后的证据组合方法可以有效地处理证据冲突。     

Identification of potential technologies for 1,4-Butanediol production using prospecting methodology

1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO) is a four-carbon diol used for industrial applications such as organic solvents, and the production of adhesives, fibers and polyurethanes. 1,4-BDO currently is produced through several petrochemical routes: hydrogenation of maleic anhydride, isomerization of propylene oxide, acetoxylation of butadiene, and the reaction between formaldehyde and acetylene. The current trends in 1,4-BDO production involve the utilization of renewable sources such as biomass. In this context, the present study aimed to identify promising technologies of 1,4-BDO production through prospecting methodology based on the analyses of patents and scientific article, describing the most relevant aspects of those emerging technologies. An increasing amount of 1,4-BDO production focused on biotechnological routes has been reported, with the US heavily involved in the development of new technologies. This study tracked three promising technologies which have potential for application in a biorefinery context because those processes involve (i) production of 1,4-BDO from sugars, classified herein as the biotechnological route; (ii) production of intermediates from sugar fermentation followed by catalytic conversion into 1,4-BDO, classified herein as the hybrid route, and (iii) furan/furfural conversion into 1,4-BDO. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Applying Feature-Weighted Gradient Decent K-Nearest Neighbor to Select Promising Projects for Scientific Funding

Due to its outstanding ability in processing large quantity and high-dimensional data, machine learning models have been used in many cases, such as pattern recognition, classification, spam filtering, data mining and forecasting. As an outstanding machine learning algorithm, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) has been widely used in different situations, yet in selecting qualified applicants for winning a funding is almost new. The major problem lies in how to accurately determine the importance of attributes. In this paper, we propose a Feature-weighted Gradient Decent K-Nearest Neighbor (FGDKNN) method to classify funding applicants in to two types: approved ones or not approved ones. The FGDKNN is based on a gradient decent learning algorithm to update weight. It updatesthe weight of labels by minimizing error ratio iteratively, so that the importance of attributes can be described better. We investigate the performance of FGDKNN with Beijing Innofund. The results show that FGDKNN performs about 23%, 20%, 18%, 15% better than KNN, SVM, DT and ANN, respectively. Moreover, the FGDKNN has fast convergence time under different training scales, and has good performance under different settings.     

Turning tradition into an instrument of research: The editorship of William Nicholson (1753–1815)

Mainly known for its links to the periodical market and radical politics, this article recontextualizes the editorship of William Nicholson (1753–1815) in terms of its roots in the metropolitan natural philosophical circles of the second half of the 18th century as well as its impact on experimenters and men of science after 1797. The article argues that Nicholson's editorship of the Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts was a means to expand his philosophical significance among natural philosophers at home and abroad—and was, in fact, a form of epistemological subversion that challenged the “Banksian Learned Empire.”     

树立科学的发展观,大力推进皮革工业环境建设

文章将对中国皮革工业的发展历程与现在基本的环境状况作出详尽的介绍与分析,提出必须以科学发展观为指导,加大力度深入探讨皮革工业的环境建设,并且积极的树立健康良好的皮革工业环境建设观念,以此来促进皮革工业健康可持续的发展。     

High-Resolution Chromosome Ideogram Representation of Currently Recognized Genes for Autism Spectrum Disorders

Recently, autism-related research has focused on the identification of various genes and disturbed pathways causing the genetically heterogeneous group of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The list of autism-related genes has significantly increased due to better awareness with advances in genetic technology and expanding searchable genomic databases. We compiled a master list of known and clinically relevant autism spectrum disorder genes identified with supporting evidence from peer-reviewed medical literature sources by searching key words related to autism and genetics and from authoritative autism-related public access websites, such as the Simons Foundation Autism Research Institute autism genomic database dedicated to gene discovery and characterization. Our list consists of 792 genes arranged in alphabetical order in tabular form with gene symbols placed on high-resolution human chromosome ideograms, thereby enabling clinical and laboratory geneticists and genetic counsellors to access convenient visual images of the location and distribution of ASD genes. Meaningful correlations of the observed phenotype in patients with suspected/confirmed ASD gene(s) at the chromosome region or breakpoint band site can be made to inform diagnosis and gene-based personalized care and provide genetic counselling for families.     

基于证据理论的机械结构高效可靠性分析方法

提出一种证据理论与近似模型相结合的机械结构高效可靠性分析方法。首先基于证据理论建立可靠性分析数学模型，然后通过径向基函数构建极限状态函数的近似模型，并利用样本点局部加密来提高近似模型的精度，最后基于一阶近似可靠性分析方法对近似可靠性分析问题进行求解，从而获得衡量机械结构可靠性的可信度和似真度。算例结果表明该方法不但能保证计算结果精度，还提高了计算效率。     

基于VSE的大南湖一矿通风系统现状仿真与评估

为了掌握大南湖一矿通风系统现状,科学评估其安全性、稳定可靠性及合理性,对全矿进行了通风参数精准普查,基于VSE软件对通风系统运行状况进行了仿真与评估。结果表明大南湖一矿通风系统存在部分巷道微风、回风大巷风速偏高、井下通风设施较多、部分角联分支易发生风流转向、矿井通风阻力分布不合理等问题,为系统的优化改造指明了方向。