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1.
Leucokinins (LKs) constitute a family of neuropeptides identified in numerous insects and many other invertebrates. LKs act on G-protein-coupled receptors that display only distant relations to other known receptors. In adult Drosophila, 26 neurons/neurosecretory cells of three main types express LK. The four brain interneurons are of two types, and these are implicated in several important functions in the fly’s behavior and physiology, including feeding, sleep–metabolism interactions, state-dependent memory formation, as well as modulation of gustatory sensitivity and nociception. The 22 neurosecretory cells (abdominal LK neurons, ABLKs) of the abdominal neuromeres co-express LK and a diuretic hormone (DH44), and together, these regulate water and ion homeostasis and associated stress as well as food intake. In Drosophila larvae, LK neurons modulate locomotion, escape responses and aspects of ecdysis behavior. A set of lateral neurosecretory cells, ALKs (anterior LK neurons), in the brain express LK in larvae, but inconsistently so in adults. These ALKs co-express three other neuropeptides and regulate water and ion homeostasis, feeding, and drinking, but the specific role of LK is not yet known. This review summarizes Drosophila data on embryonic lineages of LK neurons, functional roles of individual LK neuron types, interactions with other peptidergic systems, and orchestrating functions of LK.  相似文献   
2.
Cannabidiol (CBD), the major nonpsychoactive Cannabis constituent, has been proposed for the treatment of a wide panel of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, epilepsy and drug addiction due to the ability of its versatile scaffold to interact with diverse molecular targets that are not restricted to the endocannabinoid system. Albeit the molecular mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effects of CBD have yet to be fully elucidated, many efforts have been devoted in the last decades to shed light on its complex pharmacological profile. In particular, an ever-increasing number of molecular targets linked to those disorders have been identified for this phytocannabinoid, along with the modulatory effects of CBD on their cascade signaling. In this view, here we will try to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the molecular basis underlying the therapeutic effects of CBD involved in the treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.  相似文献   
3.
Adult neurogenesis is a highly regulated process during which new neurons are generated from neural stem cells in two discrete regions of the adult brain: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. Defects of adult hippocampal neurogenesis have been linked to cognitive decline and dysfunction during natural aging and in neurodegenerative diseases, as well as psychological stress-induced mood disorders. Understanding the mechanisms and pathways that regulate adult neurogenesis is crucial to improving preventative measures and therapies for these conditions. Accumulating evidence shows that mitochondria directly regulate various steps and phases of adult neurogenesis. This review summarizes recent findings on how mitochondrial metabolism, dynamics, and reactive oxygen species control several aspects of adult neural stem cell function and their differentiation to newborn neurons. It also discusses the importance of autophagy for adult neurogenesis, and how mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction may contribute to cognitive defects and stress-induced mood disorders by compromising adult neurogenesis. Finally, I suggest possible ways to target mitochondrial function as a strategy for stem cell-based interventions and treatments for cognitive and mood disorders.  相似文献   
4.
昼夜节律睡眠-觉醒障碍是指睡眠-觉醒周期与人体24 h生物节律失调所致的一类睡眠疾病,它可以影响人体的认知功能和代谢等过程,还能促进恶性肿瘤的发生发展——通过改变时钟基因表达直接促进肿瘤增殖,并通过抑制褪黑素的分泌等内分泌机制间接加速肿瘤发展。本文阐述了昼夜节律睡眠-觉醒障碍的定义、它导致的病理状态以及它对恶性肿瘤发生发展的影响,以期为昼夜节律性睡眠-觉醒障碍影响的肿瘤发生发展的防治提供可能的治疗措施。  相似文献   
5.
目的:探究原花青素B2对高脂膳食小鼠钙代谢异常与股骨基因表达的影响。方法:将27 只C57BL/6雄性小鼠随机分为3 组:对照组、高脂膳食组和原花青素B2组,原花青素B2添加量为0.2%(以饲料质量计);持续饲喂8 周后分析小鼠体质量、血浆脂质水平、钙内稳态、钙吸收能力和骨矿物含量的变化,并运用真核有参转录组技术分析小鼠股骨基因表达变化情况。结果:原花青素B2能够显著提高小鼠钙净吸收和贮留能力(P<0.05),并显著降低血脂水平和甲状旁腺素质量浓度,改善高脂膳食导致的小鼠骨矿物、股骨钙含量和最大荷载量的降低。高通量测序发现49 个差异共表达基因,原花青素B2可干预其中48 个基因的表达,基因本体论富集分析发现其归属于生物进程和细胞组分两个分支,京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)富集分析发现共有13 条通路具有显著性富集意义(P<0.05),其中涉及钙代谢相关信号转导和代谢通路5 个基因(Cdkn2a、Adrb1、Fcgr4、Aldh1a3和Calml3)的表达量发生显著改变(P<0.05)。与高脂膳食组相比,原花青素B2下调Cdkn2a、Adrb1、Fcgr4基因表达量分别为9.19、3.68 倍和3.61 倍,上调Aldh1a3和Calml3基因的表达量分别为2.06 倍和3.29 倍。结论:原花青素B2具有干预高脂膳食导致的小鼠钙代谢异常的作用,其可能与下调破骨细胞活性与上调成骨细胞活性相关基因的表达有关。  相似文献   
6.
目的 统计分析2013—2020年郑州市二七区碘缺乏病(IDD)监测结果。方法 2013—2020年按照《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》在郑州市二七区开展盐碘监测,同时收集同期新婚育龄妇女、孕妇、哺乳期女性、0~2岁婴幼儿、8~10岁儿童5类人群的尿样,测定尿碘含量。结果 2013—2020年,郑州市二七区居民盐碘含量中位数与均值均在21~39 mg/kg范围;除2017年外其余各年份碘盐覆盖率均超90.00%,除2013、2017年外其余各年份碘盐合格率均超90.00%,除2013年外其余各年份合格碘盐食用率均超90.00%,2017年非碘盐率超20.00%。新婚育龄妇女2016、2017、2019、2020年尿碘浓度中位数均处于适宜水平,2013、2014、2015、2018年尿碘浓度中位数均超过适宜量;碘缺乏比例2018年最高(33.33%),2014、2015年最低(均0.00%)。孕妇2013—2020年尿碘浓度中位数均处于适宜水平;碘缺乏比例2018年最高(45.50%),2014年最低(5.88%)。哺乳期女性2013—2020年尿碘浓度中位数均处于适宜水平;碘缺乏比例2018年最高(38.00%),2014年最低(0.00%)。0~2岁婴幼儿2013—2020年尿碘浓度中位数均处于适宜水平;碘缺乏比例2020年最高(25.00%),2014、2015年最低(均0.00%)。8~10岁儿童2015、2016、2018、2019年尿碘浓度中位数均处于适宜水平,2013、2014、2017、2020年尿碘浓度中位数均超过适宜量;碘缺乏比例2019年最高(23.00%),2015、2017年最低(均0.00%)。结论 郑州市二七区需继续坚持开展IDD监测工作,5类重点人群仍存在碘缺乏风险。  相似文献   
7.
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease are incurable and affect millions of people worldwide. The development of treatments for this unmet clinical need is a major global research challenge. Computer-aided drug design (CADD) methods minimize the huge number of ligands that could be screened in biological assays, reducing the cost, time, and effort required to develop new drugs. In this review, we provide an introduction to CADD and examine the progress in applying CADD and other molecular docking studies to NDs. We provide an updated overview of potential therapeutic targets for various NDs and discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of these tools.  相似文献   
8.
Leucokinins (LKs) constitute a neuropeptide family first discovered in a cockroach and later identified in numerous insects and several other invertebrates. The LK receptors are only distantly related to other known receptors. Among insects, there are many examples of species where genes encoding LKs and their receptors are absent. Furthermore, genomics has revealed that LK signaling is lacking in several of the invertebrate phyla and in vertebrates. In insects, the number and complexity of LK-expressing neurons vary, from the simple pattern in the Drosophila larva where the entire CNS has 20 neurons of 3 main types, to cockroaches with about 250 neurons of many different types. Common to all studied insects is the presence or 1–3 pairs of LK-expressing neurosecretory cells in each abdominal neuromere of the ventral nerve cord, that, at least in some insects, regulate secretion in Malpighian tubules. This review summarizes the diverse functional roles of LK signaling in insects, as well as other arthropods and mollusks. These functions include regulation of ion and water homeostasis, feeding, sleep–metabolism interactions, state-dependent memory formation, as well as modulation of gustatory sensitivity and nociception. Other functions are implied by the neuronal distribution of LK, but remain to be investigated.  相似文献   
9.
睡眠呼吸暂停综合征作为一种常见的与睡眠相关的呼吸障碍性疾病,受到众多的关注。由于其复杂的检诊断过程及昂贵的价格,吸引了众多研究学者探索基于单通道信号的快速、便捷检测方法。基于心电信号(ECG)提出了一种多尺度卷积神经网络睡眠呼吸暂停快速检测方法,与常规的单尺度卷积神经网络方法相比,该方法可以有效地结合信号的细节信息和抽象信息,提升卷积神经网络的特征呈现能力。通过PhysioNet提供的Apnea-ECG数据库进行验证,多尺度卷积神经网络获得了85.2%准确率、83.1%敏感性和86.5%特异性。与现有方法相比,该方法进一步提升了睡眠呼吸暂停的检测性能。  相似文献   
10.
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