Superoxide Dismutase Activities in Senescing Apple Fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.)

Total superoxide dismutase (SOD:superoxide: superoxide oxidoreductase; EC 1.15.1.1) activity and individual activities of its three different metalloenzymes, CuZn-SOD, Fe-SOD, and Mn-SOD, were investigated during senescence of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Total SOD activity and relative activities of its three forms varied greatly among cultivars. Activities underwent considerable change during senescence of fruit, but changes were different among cultivars. Whether fruit senesced at 0°C or 20°C had little effect on SOD activities, and application of the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) did not alter activities. SOD activities increased with occurrence of the physiological disorder “senescent breakdown,” but did not increase with occurrence of the disorder “superficial scald.” In a given apple cultivar, changes in total SOD activity generally paralleled activities of the different SOD forms. Such activity may reflect changes affecting food and nutritive quality of the fruit.     

中国汉服饰的主流思想和审美文化研究

汉服饰是汉民族的传统服饰,也是中华民族的优秀文化之一。汉服饰文化的精髓在于它博大宽阔且飘逸洒脱的艺术风格以及汉服背后所承载着的传统礼仪文化。汉服褒衣博带、宽衣大袖的服饰特点体现了传统中国＂天人合一＂的世界观和舒适自然、彬彬有礼、内敛含蓄的东方审美情趣。     

A profile of physicochemical and antioxidant changes during fruit growth for the utilisation of unripe apples

The physicochemicals associated with fruit quality, antioxidant activities and changes in polyphenol composition during Fuji apple growth were investigated from the 25th to 105th day after full bloom day (DAFB). Three kinds of antioxidant assays, including oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC) were executed, and polyphenol composition were examined using HPLC. The change in weight of the Fuji apples during fruit growth showed a typical sigmoidal curve. Both the rise of the soluble solid content and the drop of the titratable acidity appeared to be more significant (p < 0.05) after the 85th DAFB. Concurrently, the antioxidant activities and the polyphenol content decreased (p < 0.05) rapidly after the same date. Accordingly, a profitable thinning date can be chosen around the 85th DAFB to utilise dropped unripe apples as resources of antioxidants. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of Fuji apples may be highly affected by the chlorogenic acid content.     

Edible coatings enriched with essential oils for extending the shelf‐life of ‘Bravo de Esmolfe’ fresh‐cut apples

Edible coatings based on sodium alginate (AL) and pectin (PE) at 1% and 2%(w/v) enriched with eugenol (Eug) and citral (Cit) at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) (0.10% and 0.15%) and double MIC were used to preserve the quality of fresh‐cut apples ‘Bravo de Esmolfe’. Samples were taken, through 14 day at 4 °C, for analysis of colour CIE(L*h°C*), firmness, °Brix, weight loss, antioxidant activity (TEAC), microbial growth and taste panels. With those quality characteristics, three groups were formed by the principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis, for each coating base (AL or PE). Based on, for each quality parameter measured, the mean closest value to the one at harvest for colour, higher value for firmness, °Brix and TEAC, and lower value for weight loss and microbial spoilage, the best group was selected for AL and PE. From each group, two edible coatings with the highest scores in overall acceptability were selected for fresh‐cut apples: AL2% + Eug 0.1%, AL2% + Cit 0.15% + Eug 0.1%, PE 2% + Cit 0.15% and PE 2% + Eug 0.2%.     

Efficacy of thyme oil-alginate-based coating in reducing foodborne pathogens on fresh-cut apples

In this study, the inhibition of an alginate-based edible coating (EC) containing thyme oil (0.05%, 0.35% and 0.65%) was evaluated against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated onto fresh-cut apples. To investigate the antibacterial mechanism of thyme oil, the constituent compounds of that were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the cellular damage of pathogens was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that alginate-based EC containing thyme oil effectively inhibited the growth of pathogens on fresh-cut apples. GC-MS analysis revealed thymol (47.23%) as the major compounds in thyme oil. SEM showed that the cell membrane of foodborne pathogens was damaged by thyme oil, causing their inactivation. Treatment with alginate-based EC containing 0.05% thyme oil preserved the sensory characteristics of fresh-cut apples. Therefore, using alginate-based EC with thyme oil may represent a potential approach to preserve and enhance the safety of fresh-cut apples.     

Variability in captan residues in apples from a Canadian orchard

Apple trees in an orchard in Quebec, Canada were treated, following label directions, with the fungicide captan (1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-N-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide) during the 2003 agricultural season. A total of 142 apples from three rows of trees were selected for determination of captan by GC/MS. Individual apples were found to contain captan levels ranging from 16.9 to 6350 ng g^-1. Only two individual apple samples exceeded the Canadian maximum residue limit (5000 ng g^-1) for captan in apples. Six composite samples, comprising half portions of eight individual apples, were analysed from each of the three experimental rows. Composite samples ranged in concentration from 166 to 2620 ng g^-1. The greatest uncertainty associated with the measured concentrations was due to variability among apples rather than the measurement of residue levels.     

Browning Inhibition in Fresh-cut'Fuji'Apple Slices by Natural Antibrowning Agents

ABSTRACT Response surface methodology was used to study the effect of antibrowning agents (4‐hexylresorci‐nol, glutathione, N‐acetylcysteine, and ascorbic acid) and storage time (14 d) on the color of minimally processed Fuji apples. The selected color parameters were L*,a*, b*, hue angle (h*), and color difference (ΔE*). Storage time had a significant effect on all the studied color parameters (P± 0.05). 4‐hexylresorcinol showed the most effective individual effect on keeping constant a*values (P± 0.0001). Besides, the interaction of N‐acetylcysteine/ glutathione was found to have a significant effect (P± 0.05) on maintaining a* values over time. On the other hand, individual treatment with N‐acetylcysteine in concentrations higher than 0.75% w/v may be used to preserve a*and h*.According to the F‐test, 4‐hexylresorcinol and N‐acetylcysteine (P± 0.05) displayed a significant individual effect on ΔE*, indicating that ΔE* decreased when increasing the concentration of these antibrowning agents. Nevertheless, color difference went down when 4‐hexylresorcinol concentration increased up to 0.5%, but higher concentrations of this agent led to an increase in ΔE* that indicates browning.     

基于三角模糊数的汉服袖型感性评价北大核心CSCD

为探究消费者对汉服袖型的感性认知,帮助服装设计师更准确地把握消费者心理,文章选取具有代表性的8款汉服袖型,采用语意差异法收集袖型样本在6对感性形容词汇上的感性评价,将其用三角模糊数的形式进行表征,并对模糊评价结果的准确性进行检验。为得到各汉服袖型较为精确的感性评价,文章对三角模糊数进行贴近度分析,并将贴近度的结果作为依据,运用系统聚类的方法将汉服袖型分为4类。研究表明:各汉服袖型因袖宽大小、袖缘线条形状、袖长、袖口形状的不同,感性评价存在一定差异,且最终感性评价结果符合客观认知。经验证可知,利用三角模糊数能够较准确地对汉服袖型进行感性评价。     

基于正交信号校正和偏最小二乘(OSC/PLS)的苹果糖度近红外检测

采用正交信号校正法(OSC)对苹果的近红外光谱(1300nm～2100nm)进行预处理，并结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了苹果光谱对糖度的预测模型。应用结果表明，经OSC法预处理后，光谱形状总体上与原始光谱没有差别，但光谱曲线变得更为光滑，排列更为整齐、紧密。这说明正交信号校正法(OSC)滤除了原始光谱中的部分噪声，但又保留了原光谱中的主要信息。苹果光谱对糖度的PLS校正模型采纳的最佳因予数会随着OSC因子的被逐个滤除而逐渐减少，甚至可减少至1(当然模型精度也有变化)。本研究中，校正模型的最佳性能产生于原始光谱被滤除10个OSC因了时，此时其采纳的最佳因了数为2，校正时的相关系数r2和标准偏差SEC分别为0．92644和0．40250，预测时的标准偏差SEP为0．50229。与OSC法处理前的PLS模型相比，其精度虽没有大幅提高，但由于采纳的因子数少，模型变得十分简洁。