昆明市售坚果中5种有害元素的监测

目的了解昆明市售坚果中铅、砷、汞、铬、镉5种有害元素的污染情况。方法昆明市14个区县采集共140份坚果,采用浓硝酸为消解液,石墨消解仪对样品进行前处理消解,电感耦合等离子体质谱同时测定坚果中的5种有害元素的含量,内标法定量。结果样品中汞、镉、砷、铅及铬的检出率依次为35%、45%、65%、100%和100%。从坚果类别分析,检出率为葵花籽(81.2%)花生(80%)松子(77.5%)南瓜子(67.5%)西瓜子(61.3%)开心果(60%)=葡萄干(60%)杏仁(58.7%)核桃(48.3%),从有害元素含量分析,检测含量为铬(0.961 mg/kg)砷(0.057 mg/kg)铅(0.053 mg/kg)镉(0.047 mg/kg)汞(0.009 mg/kg)。2份样品中铅元素含量超过标准限值,超标率为1.4%。结论样品有害元素的含量较低,但检出率较高,相关部门应加强对坚果在贮存、加工、包装过程中的监督管理,保障消费者的食品安全和健康。     

2016~2018年坚果炒货食品国家食品安全监督抽检结果分析

目的 分析2016~2018年我国坚果炒货食品的安全形势。方法 汇总2016~2018年坚果炒货食品国家食品安全监督抽检结果, 对其不合格项目等信息进行分析。结果 2016~2018年共抽检坚果炒货食品2554批次, 检出不合格样品50批次, 总体不合格率为1.96%, 且3年来不合格率逐年上升。网购产品的不合格率显著高于非网购产品。开心果类、松仁类、核桃类坚果炒货食品的不合格率分别为7.64%, 7.41%和7.27%, 不合格项目主要为霉菌、二氧化硫残留量、过氧化值、酸价和大肠菌群等。此外, 花生类坚果炒货食品中检出黄曲霉毒素B1超标产品3批次。结论 开心果类、松仁类、核桃类坚果炒货食品的不合格率偏高, 不合格原因主要是霉菌、大肠菌群污染和过氧化值超标, 花生类的黄曲霉毒素B1污染问题也应引起重视。     

我国2016~2019年炒货食品及坚果制品质量安全状况及风险分析

目的 分析2016~2019年我国坚果炒货食品的安全形势。方法 结合2016~2019年国家和各省市场监督管理局公开发布的食品监督抽检信息, 对其不合格项目等信息进行分析。结果 炒货食品及坚果制品的主要不合格项目为品质指标(过氧化值、酸价等)、微生物指标(霉菌、大肠菌群等)和食品添加剂(二氧化硫、糖精钠等),主要不合格种类为花生、瓜子和豆类。酸价和过氧化值主要不合格原因为炒货原料质量不达标、生产过程控制不严、储存条件不当、包装密封性不好; 霉菌和大肠菌群主要不合格原因为原料、包装材料、生产过程中人员卫生、器具等生产设备、环境的污染 、熟制过程中杀菌不彻底; 二氧化硫和糖精钠主要不合格原因为超范围使用食品添加剂和添加量控制不当。结论 建议监管部门完善标准体系、加强原料监管和生产过程控制、严格食品添加剂管理、引导企业建立食品安全可追溯体系和加强企业食品安全意识和责任意识。     

Almond allergens: update and perspective on identification and characterization

Almond (Prunus dulcis) is not only widely used as a human food as a result of its flavor, nutrients, and health benefits, but it is also one of the most likely tree nuts to trigger allergies. Almond allergens, however, have not been studied as extensively as those of peanuts and other selected tree nuts. This review provides an update of the molecular properties of almond allergens to clarify some confusion about the identities of almond allergens and our perspective on characterizing putative almond allergens. At present, the following almond allergens have been designated by the World Health Organization/International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee: Pru du 3 (a non-specific lipid transfer protein 1, nsLTP1), Pru du 4 (a profilin), Pru du 5 (60S acidic ribosomal protein 2), Pru du 6 (an 11S legumin known as prunin) and Pru du 8 (an antimicrobial protein with cC3C repeats). Besides, almond vicilin and almond γ-conglutin have been identified as food allergens, although further characterization of these allergens is still of interest. In addition, almond 2S albumin was reported as a food allergen as a result of the misidentification of Pru du 8. Two more almond proteins have been called allergens based on their sequence homology with known food allergens and their ‘membership’ in relevant protein families that contain allergens in many species. These include the pathogenesis related-10 protein (referred to as Pru du 1) and the thaumatin-like protein (referred to as Pru du 2). Almonds thus have five known food allergens and five more likely ones that need to be investigated further. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

Exploring relationships between satiation,perceived satiety and plant-based snack food features

We aimed to identify relations between satiation and subsequent satiety for six plant-based foods (apple, avocado, banana, carrot, chick pea and macadamia) using a panel of ten healthy participants and a complete crossover randomised design. Food was served as a mid-morning snack ad libitum over 20 min until participants were comfortably full, and subsequent satiety was monitored for up to 180 min. Carrot and macadamia had significantly higher perceived fullness during eating, but also significantly lower perceived satiety per gram than other foods. Food energy factors had no strong relationship with perceived fullness, but were significantly positively correlated with satiety. Mastication number had significant effects on both perceived fullness (negative) and satiety (positive). This pilot study showed that plant food factors affecting perceived fullness during eating and subsequent satiety are different, and suggests how portion control through satiation for different plant-based snacks may influence both energy intake and subsequent satiety.     

Untargeted metabolomics reveals links between Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) and its geographical origin by metabolome changes associated with membrane lipids

Tiger nuts and tiger nut milk are well-known Valencian products, and step-by-step these tubers and the tuber-based beverage are becoming more and more relevant products in international markets. However, the increasing demand and success of Valencian tiger nuts did not allow protected designation of origin (PDO) tuber to supply the domestic and international markets. Therefore, the verification of the geographical origin is highly required. In this research, the main objective was to combine an advance analytical method and chemometrics tools in order to decipher the geographical origin of 45 tiger nut samples from (i) ‘Xufa de València’ PDO and (ii) African samples. The analytical method, based on solid-liquid extraction followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) metabolomics approach, highlighted sensitivity and wide linear dynamic range in order to simultaneously analyse polar and non-polar metabolites. After data processing, a pronounced sample clustering according to the geographical origin was clearly observed using unsupervised models, and supervised models revealed that tiger nuts lipidome was associated with the geographical origin. As a result, African samples highlighted an overexpression of phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine 34:1, and triacylgricerols crosslinked to environmental stress and alteration of membrane lipid compositions.     

Quality Evaluation of Shelled and Unshelled Macadamia Nuts by Means of Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR)

The quality of shelled and unshelled macadamia nuts was assessed by means of Fourier transformed near‐infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy. Shelled macadamia nuts were sorted as sound nuts; nuts infected by Ecdytolopha aurantiana and Leucopteara coffeella; and cracked nuts caused by germination. Unshelled nuts were sorted as intact nuts (<10% half nuts, 2014); half nuts (March, 2013; November, 2013); and crushed nuts (2014). Peroxide value (PV) and acidity index (AI) were determined according to AOAC. PCA‐LDA shelled macadamia nuts classification resulted in 93.2% accurate classification. PLS PV prediction model resulted in a square error of prediction (SEP) of 3.45 meq/kg, and a prediction coefficient determination value (R_p²) of 0.72. The AI PLS prediction model was better (SEP = 0.14%, R_p² = 0.80). Although adequate classification was possible (93.2%), shelled nuts must not contain live insects, therefore the classification accuracy was not satisfactory. FT‐NIR spectroscopy can be successfully used to predict PV and AI in unshelled macadamia nuts, though.