煤灰熔融过程中的矿物演变及其对灰熔点的影响

煤的结渣特性是影响电厂锅炉安全经济运行的主要因素之一。该文利用热分析方法和X-射线衍射物相分析对低灰熔点的神木煤(温家梁,TDT=1200℃)和高灰熔点的淮南煤(新庄,TDT>1500℃)煤灰在加热过程中矿物质的热行为及其演变进行了对比研究,2种煤灰的热分析曲线存在较大差异,它们的矿物质成分也随着温度升高发生了不同的转变,分别对其灰熔点产生了不同的影响。温家梁灰中大量存在的CaCO3、CaSO4为钙黄长石、钙长石的大量生成提供了条件,这2种矿物的低温共熔是温家梁煤灰熔点低的主要原因;新庄灰中大量生成的莫来石使得新庄灰的熔点很高。该文的对比研究为研究配煤解决锅炉结渣问题提供了新的思路。     

水胶比对RPC高温抗爆裂及残余力学性能的影响研究

通过制备不同水胶比的RPC120级活性粉末混凝土,研究了不同水胶比的RPC试件在200～1 000℃内抗高温爆裂性能及强度和质量损失率随温度的变化规律。对高温后试件进行了断面结构观察,并结合热重分析(TG)及差示扫描量热分析(DSC),研究了RPC高温作用后的性能变化机理。结果表明,水胶比在0.18～0.21范围内,0.18组的RPC抗高温爆裂能力及力学性能是最优的;不同水胶比的RPC强度随着受热温度的升高,都呈现出先增大再减小的趋势,抗压强度的临界温度为300℃,抗折强度的临界温度为200℃。在20～300℃,RPC高温性能的变化是由水化产物中自由水和结合水的失去所致,300～1 000℃是水化产物的分解和钢纤维的氧化造成的。     

TG–DSC analysis of straw biomass pyrolysis and release characteristics of noncondensable gas in a fixed-bed reactor

Under the double pressures caused by the energy shortage and environmental damage, to exploit the agricultural wastes and convert into available clean fuels are becoming more and more urgent in modern society. The aim of learning the pyrolysis characteristics of soybean straw and corn straw, the nonisothermal thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) method was used in this work. The results showed that both of biomass feedstocks all underwent four different pyrolysis stages, with the increase in heating rate, the peak temperature shifted toward the high-temperature interval, and that the yield of bio-char also increased correspondingly; potassium had an influence on the thermal cracking of biomass, and that the existence form of potassium and impregnation increment of sylvite would result in the yield of bio-char was distinct. In addition, temperature and catalyst had a significant impact on the gaseous products of biomass pyrolysis. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature could enhance the yield of CO and H₂ and CH₄ content reached the maximum at 600°C. For both of the biomass, sylvite had a negative effect on the formation of CH₄, and H₂ content of soybean straw reached a maximum with 5% K₂CO₃ and corn straw with 5% KCl.     

新型催化载体材料ZPS-IPPA的合成与表征

以异丙烯膦酸与苯乙烯的自由基共聚,首次合成了线型苯乙烯-异丙烯膦酸共聚物,进而合成相应的新型复合物[聚(苯乙烯-异丙烯膦酸)二代磷酸]混合锆(ZPS-IPPA);用红外、比表面积以及热分析对其表征,结合实验数据提出其可能的理想结构模型,认为该复合物具有独特优良的性能和潜在的应用前景.     

同步热分析法研究超级铝热剂Al/MnO2的热安定性

为研究超级铝热剂Al/MnO_2的热安定性,利用水热法制备纳米级MnO_2,采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)对纳米Al粉的氧化层厚度进行表征,计算出Al粉中纯Al的质量分数,从而确定更优配比.采用超声共混法制备得到超级铝热剂Al/MnO_2,利用X射线衍射技术(XRD)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)对超级铝热剂Al/MnO_2的晶型和形貌进行表征,采用热重-差示扫描同步热分析技术(TG-DSC)在不同升温速率条件下研究了超级铝热剂Al/MnO_2的非等温热行为,通过微分Kissinger法和积分Ozawa法计算样品的活化能,对活化能计算结果进行对比.结果表明:水热法制备得到的纳米级MnO_2呈短棒状,晶型为α型,球状Al粉氧化层厚度约5 nm,纯Al质量分数约64.5%,超级铝热剂Al/MnO_2铝热反应的温度区间为540～570℃,放热量约930 J/g;利用Kissinger法和Ozawa法拟合相关性较高,计算得到的活化能分别为429.1和421.9 kJ/mol.两种方法计算得到的活化能结果相近且数值较高,表明超级铝热剂Al/MnO_2具有较好的热安定性,安全性能良好.     

TiCr1.2(V–Fe)0.6—a novel hydrogen storage alloy with high capacity

To develop a new alloy with high hydrogen storage capacity, partial Cr in TiCr_1.8 was substituted by V–Fe alloy. X-ray diffraction and metallography observation proved that the substitution did not change the phase constitution of TiCr_1.2(V–F)_0.6. It still remained in its initial Laves phase related body centred cubic structure. Pressure–composition–temperature tests showed that the hydrogen storage capacity could reach up to 3.2 wt% and its reversible capacity to about 2.0 wt%. TG-DSC tests showed that there are two kinds of tetrahedral site for hydrogen atoms to locate.     

4-羟基-3-硝基吡啶的热分析

4-羟基-3-硝基吡啶(HNP)是合成4位有取代基的3-硝基吡啶的重要中间体。文献对HNP的受热行为鲜有报道。为了解其在受热时的行为,用TG-DSC法研究了HNP在加热速度为1.0~15.0℃/min,从室温到300℃的受热行为。发现在氮气氛、敞口容器中,HNP在200℃明显地失重。热分析数据证明在228~288℃之间存在几个重叠的过程。经过对比和讨论并通过升华制备的方法,证明在低于200℃时的失重是由于HNP的升华而不是分解,升华产物中HNP纯度可提高到99.9%、且为不含无机盐的高纯化合物。     

Synthesis and two-step sintering behavior of solution derived corundum abrasives with plate-like grains

Corundum abrasives with plate-like grains were fabricated by a two-step sintering technique using the solution-based process with the addition of the ternary compound additive Na₃AlF₆-CaO-SiO₂. The two-step sintering method showed obvious advantages over conventional sintering methods in promoting sample densification, suppressing grain growth, and homogenizing the microstructure of the corundum abrasives. The sample doped with 2.5?wt% Na₃AlF₆ and 4?wt% CaO + SiO₂ in the molar ratio of 1:1 possessed a relative density of 99.3%, average grain size of 0.54?µm, and single-particle compressive strength of 49?N. The introduction of seeds reduced the temperature of θ- to α-Al₂O₃ phase transformation. The relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the abrasives was also discussed.     

Formation and dehydration enthalpy of gallosilicate zeolites

Gallosilicate zeolites Ga-NaSOD, Ga-NaFAU, Ga-NaNAT, Ga-KNAT* (a mixture of Ga-KNAT and Ga-KTNU-2), Ga-KLTL and Ga-KTNU-1 have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), microprobe analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). Generally, the lattice parameters increase after Ga substitution for Al, except for Ga-KNAT*. The formation and dehydration enthalpies of these zeolites were measured by high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. Compared to the analogous aluminosilicate zeolite of similar Si/T ³⁺, the gallosilicate zeolite has similar dehydration enthalpy per mole of tetrahedra, but has less endothermic dehydration enthalpy per mole of water due to the larger number of H₂O molecules in the enlarged unit cell of the Ga zeolite. The dehydration enthalpy per mole of water is a monotonic function of framework density while that per mole of tetrahedra is mainly influenced by cation type. The gallosilicate zeolites have less exothermic formation enthalpies from oxide components than the analogous aluminosilicate zeolites, confirming their lower stability. The formation enthalpies of hydrated and dehydrated gallosilicate zeolites are correlated with Ga/(Ga + Si) ratio and framework density (FD).     

乳化炸药基质非等温热分解动力学浅析

作者利用TG-DSC热分析技术研究了乳化炸药基质非等温热分解反应,用Satava-Sesták法处理了试验数据。结果表明：乳化炸药基质试样热分解反应经历了两个分解失重阶段,分别由乳胶基质破乳脱水、硝酸铵晶变及熔融和复合油相分解、熔融态硝酸铵或硝酸铵活性分解产物氧化等形成,其反应受三维扩散机理控制,最可几机理函数为反Jander方程,并由此推导出了乳胶基质试样的热分解反应动力学方程。