汉江上游干支流沉积物细菌群落多样性和影响因素

为了解汉江上游干支流沉积物细菌多样性以及确定性过程和随机性过程在沉积物细菌群落构建过程中的相对重要性,基于Illumina高通量测序技术,分析了环境因子对细菌群落组成的影响,采用非度量多维尺度(NMDS)排序探究了季节之间沉积物细菌群落的差异,并结合中性群落模型和标准化随机率量化了确定性过程和随机过程对群落构建的影响。结果表明:汉江上游及其支流细菌群落主要由变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)等组成；细菌群落在不同季节有显著差异；地理距离和环境因子对细菌群落结构影响较小,确定性过程并未在细菌群落组成中起到主导作用；随机过程很大程度上影响了群落在秋季和春季的组成,是沉积物细菌群落构建的主导因素。     

The Age-Sensitive Efficacy of Calorie Restriction on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and mtDNA Damage in Rat Liver

Calorie restriction (CR) is the most efficacious treatment to delay the onset of age-related changes such as mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the sensitivity of mitochondrial markers to CR and the age-related boundaries of CR efficacy are not fully elucidated. We used liver samples from ad libitum-fed (AL) rats divided in: 18-month-old (AL-18), 28-month-old (AL-28), and 32-month-old (AL-32) groups, and from CR-treated (CR) 28-month-old (CR-28) and 32-month-old (CR-32) counterparts to assay the effect of CR on several mitochondrial markers. The age-related decreases in citrate synthase activity, in TFAM, MFN2, and DRP1 protein amounts and in the mtDNA content in the AL-28 group were prevented in CR-28 counterparts. Accordingly, CR reduced oxidative mtDNA damage assessed through the incidence of oxidized purines at specific mtDNA regions in CR-28 animals. These findings support the anti-aging effect of CR up to 28 months. Conversely, the protein amounts of LonP1, Cyt c, OGG1, and APE1 and the 4.8 Kb mtDNA deletion content were not affected in CR-28 rats. The absence of significant differences between the AL-32 values and the CR-32 counterparts suggests an age-related boundary of CR efficacy at this age. However, this only partially curtails the CR benefits in counteracting the generalized aging decline and the related mitochondrial involvement.     

Optimizing the stability and electrical transport properties of CeNbO4+δ-based oxide ceramics by regulating oxygen ion content

CeNbO_4+δ ceramics have attracted extensive research interest because of their unique mixed ion-electron transport characteristics and interesting structure-functional characteristics caused by the difference in oxygen ion content. Although the change of oxygen ion content brings rich redox properties, it also causes serious crystal transformation and abnormal electrical transport properties. In order to obtain stable structure and excellent electrical transport properties, the directional regulation of the oxygen ion content has been realized through introducing Al₂O₃ and high temperature aging. After 600 h of aging at 1073 K, the prepared composite ceramics not only obtain a stable structure without crystal transformation, but also show good negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor characteristics in the temperature range of 473 K–1273 K, in which the linear fitting maximum Pearson's r of the relationship between lnρ and 1000/T can reach 99.97%. The proposed method provides a new thought for the design and application of high-temperature electronic ceramics.     

Corrosion behaviour of an industrial shot-peened and coated automotive spring steel AISI 9254

A high-strength low-alloy steel, AISI 9254 (54SiCr6), is widely used for suspension spring production in the automotive industry. In this work, industrially manufactured zinc phosphate coated helical springs are subjected to detailed microstructural and surface analysis for better understanding of corrosion evolution. The material’s free corrosion potential and anodic/cathodic behaviour were investigated in NaCl solutions and corrosion propagation mechanisms were studied using potentiostatic polarisation on cross-sectional and external surfaces. The bulk material is fully martensite with uniformly distributed MnS inclusions, while the spring surface has a 2–3?μm mechanically deformed region introduced by shot-peening and a thin zinc phosphate coating. The corrosion open circuit potential of bulk material and shot-peened spring surface was about –0.7V_SCE without significant difference, while phosphated surface is more noble (more positive potential). MnS inclusions, stimulating the anodic attack in the steel, influence corrosion propagation and pit morphology to a large extent that can have an impact on the spring performance.     

浓香型白酒窖泥菌群结构、菌种功能及其改良研究进展

窖泥质量对浓香型白酒的发酵具有重要影响。一般来说，窖龄越大，窖泥质量越好，酿酒质量越好。近年来，以提高窖泥质量、促进窖泥老熟为导向的研究成为热点。本文按照从基础理论到改良应用研究的逻辑顺序，参考相关文献资料，就窖泥菌群结构、菌种功能及人工窖泥改良三方面进行综述。在时间维度上，随窖龄增加，窖泥原核菌群多样性逐渐增加，菌群结构逐渐趋于稳定（老熟），而真核菌群多样性逐渐减少，甚至消失。在空间分布上，池底窖泥原核菌群多样性大于池壁泥，而真核菌群相反，且其在池底老窖泥中趋于消失状态。窖泥中一些菌种参与己酸合成，如克氏梭菌（Clostridium kluyveri）和Ruminococcaceae CPB6，随窖泥老熟，窖泥菌群逐渐形成了完整的代谢网络。人工窖泥改良可以有效促进窖泥菌群的老熟。通过本综述，为进一步的窖泥菌群理论及应用研究提供了新思路。     

Sarcopenia: Molecular Pathways and Potential Targets for Intervention

Aging is associated with sarcopenia. The loss of strength results in decreased muscle mass and motor function. This process accelerates the progressive muscle deterioration observed in older adults, favoring the presence of debilitating pathologies. In addition, sarcopenia leads to a decrease in quality of life, significantly affecting self-sufficiency. Altogether, these results in an increase in economic resources from the National Health Systems devoted to mitigating this problem in the elderly, particularly in developed countries. Different etiological determinants are involved in the progression of the disease, including: neurological factors, endocrine alterations, as well as nutritional and lifestyle changes related to the adoption of more sedentary habits. Molecular and cellular mechanisms have not been clearly characterized, resulting in the absence of an effective treatment for sarcopenia. Nevertheless, physical activity seems to be the sole strategy to delay sarcopenia and its symptoms. The present review intends to bring together the data explaining how physical activity modulates at a molecular and cellular level all factors that predispose or favor the progression of this deteriorating pathology.     

时效工艺对纳米结构2297铝锂合金力学性能与微观组织的影响

采用535 ℃×2 h固溶制度,将热锻态2297铝锂合金固溶水淬后冷轧,冷轧压下量为95%,然后将轧制样品在不同温度(120~190 ℃)和时间(0~80 h)范围内进行时效处理。采用拉伸、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等测试方法,分析时效温度和时间对铝锂合金组织与性能的影响。结果表明:时效前的大塑性变形能获得纳米结构组织,能促进T₁相均匀细小地析出,缩短合金达到峰时效的时间,最终成功制备了高强高塑性铝锂合金。在120~140 ℃温区内时效时,时效温度越高,达到峰时效的时间越短、强度越高。140 ℃达到峰时效时间缩短为40 h,此时合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为525 MPa、478 MPa和7.7%,主要强化相为细小的T₁相。在170~190 ℃温区内时效时,时效温度越高,达到峰时效的时间越短,但抗拉强度与屈服强度迅速下降。170 ℃时效8 h达到峰时效状态,此时合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别是503 MPa、462 MPa和5.0%,主要强化相仍为T₁相,但已经明显粗化。     

Nb和时效时间对热轧中锰TRIP钢中P偏聚的影响

热轧态中锰TRIP钢首先经650 ℃退火2 h,随后在550 ℃进行等温时效热处理,采用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)研究该钢中P的偏聚和时效析出行为的变化情况。结果表明,中锰TRIP钢中P在晶界的偏聚是一种非平衡偏聚现象,临界时间约为50 h,与理论计算结果48 h较为吻合。在局部偏聚区域内,C与P存在共偏聚的关系,即P偏聚量高的地方,C含量也高。而合金元素Nb具有抑制P偏聚的效果,在20~70 h时效时间内,可以相对降低6.57%~19.5%的最大P偏聚量。根据电子背散射衍射(EBSD)菊池线分析,P偏聚量低于2.28at%时,P为固溶状态,高于2.28at.%时,P为析出状态。