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1.
Carriers of genetic material are divided into vectors of viral and non-viral origin. Viral carriers are already successfully used in experimental gene therapies, but despite advantages such as their high transfection efficiency and the wide knowledge of their practical potential, the remaining disadvantages, namely, their low capacity and complex manufacturing process, based on biological systems, are major limitations prior to their broad implementation in the clinical setting. The application of non-viral carriers in gene therapy is one of the available approaches. Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are repetitively branched, three-dimensional molecules, made of amide and amine subunits, possessing unique physiochemical properties. Surface and internal modifications improve their physicochemical properties, enabling the increase in cellular specificity and transfection efficiency and a reduction in cytotoxicity toward healthy cells. During the last 10 years of research on PAMAM dendrimers, three modification strategies have commonly been used: (1) surface modification with functional groups; (2) hybrid vector formation; (3) creation of supramolecular self-assemblies. This review describes and summarizes recent studies exploring the development of PAMAM dendrimers in anticancer gene therapies, evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of the modification approaches and the nanomedicine regulatory issues preventing their translation into the clinical setting, and highlighting important areas for further development and possible steps that seem promising in terms of development of PAMAM as a carrier of genetic material.  相似文献   
2.
The generation 4-poly-amidoamine-dendrimers (PAMAM G4 dendrimer, P) was conjugated to Tat peptide (Tat, T), a cell-penetrating peptide, in search of an efficient anti-tumor drug delivery vehicle for cancer therapy. In this study, we synthesized BODIPY-labeled Tat-Conjugated PAMAM dendrimers (BPTs) as a novel nanosized anticancer drug carriers and systemically investigated their biodistribution and the tumor accumulation in Sarcoma 180-bearing mice. In addition, the uptake and the cytotoxicity to S180 cells of BPTs thereof were evaluated. The unmodified dendrimer (BP) showed a soon clearance from the blood stream and nonspecific accumulation in tumor. In contrast, the Tat-modified dendrimer, BPT(64) with appropriate particle size showed a better retention in blood and could be accumulated effectively in tumor tissue via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Moreover, BPTs with a high Tat modification rate was accumulated more effectively in tumor tissue. In vitro experiments, these BPTs displayed low cytotoxicity on S180 cells and high uptake to S180 cells. These findings indicate that the nanoparticulate system on the basis of Tat-conjugated PAMAM dendrimers is safer and effective in the concentration range (below 20?μg/ml) to be used as a carrier of anti-tumor drugs for tumor targeting by intravenous administration.  相似文献   
3.
Antibodies are macromolecules that specifically recognize their target, making them good candidates to be employed in various therapies. The possibility of attaching a drug to an immunoglobulin makes it possible to release it specifically into the affected tissue as long as it overexpresses the target. However, chemical coupling could affect the functionality (specificity and affinity) of the antibody. It has been observed that the use of intermediaries, such as dendrimers, could resolve this issue. Because carbosilane dendrimers have aroused great interest in the field of biomedicine, this report describes the synthesis of an anionic carbosilane dendrimer with a fluorochrome on its surface that then forms a conjugate with an antibody. It has been used as immunoglobulin and infliximab, whose target is TNF-α, which is a cytokine that is overexpressed in the inflamed area or even in the blood of patients with autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, the integrity and functionality of the antibody has been studied to see if they have been affected after the chemical coupling process.  相似文献   
4.
Cotton is dyed very extensively using reactive dyes. Conventionally, reactive dyeing requires voluminous amount of electrolyte and alkali for dyeing of cellulosic fibres like cotton. But the consumption of electrolyte for reactive dyeing of cellulosic textiles increases the pollution load in the textile wastewater. Moreover, there is a possibility of reactive dye hydrolysis in presence of alkali which is detrimental but unavoidable. Therefore, an attempt has been made to eliminate the use of electrolyte and alkali by modifying the cotton substrate with different generations of PAMAM (polyamidoamine) dendrimer using exhaust and continuous method of application. Subsequently, dyeing was carried out by exhaust method without using electrolyte and alkali. The dyed samples were tested for wash fastness, light fastness and rubbing fastness. Colour strength in terms of K/S was also assessed. The results were comparable to those for dyeing obtained by conventional exhaust method. Therefore, the proposed method demonstrates a promising alternative to the conventional dyeing method by completely eliminating electrolyte and alkali.  相似文献   
5.
A carbosilane pseudo‐dendrimer with irregular structure and degree of branching DB = 1 was synthesized and fractionated. The molar masses of the obtained fractions ranged from 5000 to 490 000 g mol?1. The hydrodynamic and conformational properties were studied by the methods of light scattering, sedimentation‐diffusion analysis and viscometry in dilute hexane and toluene solutions. The Mark ? Kuhn ? Houwink dependences were obtained. The results for the pseudo‐dendrimer are compared with the data for the initial hyperbranched poly(diallylcarbosilane) with DB = 0.5 and carbosilane dendrimer. It is shown that the solution properties of the pseudo‐dendrimer are close to those for the irregular hyperbranched polymer and differ significantly from the dendrimer behavior. Hence, it is branching regularity rather than the degree of branching that determines the conformational and hydrodynamic properties of hyperbranched polymers with a high degree of branching DB ≥ 0.5. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   
6.
以NaBH4还原水杨醛席夫碱修饰坡缕石为核,采用发散法通过与三聚氯氰、4-氨甲基哌啶、水杨醛、NaBH4还原的重复反应制备了1.0~2.0 G多羟基树状高分子/坡缕石复合材料,利用红外光谱、元素分析、热重对复合材料结构进行了表征,扫描电子显微镜测定了复合材料的外部形貌。吸附实验表明:该复合材料对废水中有机酚、重金属离子的吸附能力优于坡缕石原土,10 mg第二代树状高分子/坡缕石在293K,对初始质量浓度是50 mg/L的对硝基苯酚、对苯二酚、Pb(II)的吸附量分别是35.3 mg/g、34.02 mg/g、44.8 mg/g,吸附动力学拟合结果符合拟二级动力学方程。  相似文献   
7.
Directed self‐assembly (DSA) using soft materials is an important method for producing periodic nanostructures because it is a simple, cost‐effective process for fabricating high‐resolution patterns. Most of the previously reported DSA methods exploit the self‐assembly of block copolymers, which generates a wide range of nanostructures. In this study, cylinders obtained from supramolecular dendrimer films with a high resolution (<5 nm) exhibit planar ordering over a macroscopic area via guiding topographical templates with a high aspect ratio (>10) and high spatial resolution (≈20 nm) of guiding line patterns. Theoretical and experimental studies reveal that this property is related to geometrical anchoring on the meniscus region and physical surface anchoring on the sidewall. Furthermore, this DSA of dendrimer cylinders is demonstrated by the non‐regular geometry of the patterned template. The macroscopic planar alignment of the dendrimer nanostructure reveals an extremely small feature size (≈4.7 nm) on the wafer scale (>16 cm2). This study is expected to open avenues for the production of a large family of supramolecular dendrimers with different phases and feature dimensions oriented by the DSA approach.  相似文献   
8.
9.
为了提高水性聚氨酯耐水性等性能,以异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)、聚四亚甲基醚二醇(PTMG)、二羟甲基丙酸(DMPA)、1,4-丁二醇(BDO)等为原料,二月桂酸二丁基锡(DBTDL)为催化剂,通过预聚体法合成了单端封闭的聚氨酯预聚体(PPU),然后以一代端羟基树枝状聚合物(PAMAM-OH)为核,通过接枝共聚法制备了树枝状水性聚氨酯(HWPU)。通过单因素分析法优化出PPU的最佳合成条件:反应时间为2 h,反应温度为80℃,n(NCO)∶n(OH)为6∶1。采用FIIR、XRD和纳米粒度表面电位分析仪对产物的结构和性能进行了表征,并对胶膜的耐水性、表面粗糙度和力学性能进行了测试。结果表明:HWPU乳液粒径为43.56 nm,胶膜结晶度为1.59%,胶膜24 h的吸水率为4.8%,拉伸强度为39.2 MPa,断裂伸长率为376.4%,胶膜表面粗糙度降低。与未加PAMAM-OH的水性聚氨酯(WPU)相比,HWPU的吸水率降低了67.1%,拉伸强度提高了74.2%,耐水性和拉伸强度得到明显提高。  相似文献   
10.
树枝状大分子是近年来出现的一类新型合成高分子,具有高度支化、结构规整、单分散等特性。这些特点使其在许多领域有潜在的重要应用价值,成为相关领域的研究热点。本文介绍了树枝状大分子在催化剂、生物医药、表面活性剂、液晶领域的研究及应用探索进行了综述,最后对树枝状分子的未来的发展进行了展望。  相似文献   
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