Double polarization hysteresis and dramatic influence of small compositional variations on the electrical properties in Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics

This work reports the existence of double polarization hysteresis (P–E) loop in Aurivillius-phase ferroelectric Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ (BiT) and reveals dramatic influence of small compositional variations on the electrical properties of it. The double polarization hysteresis is a characteristic of the interaction of defects with domain walls. This characteristic becomes more pronounced in Bi-deficient and Mg-doped BiT due to an increase in oxygen vacancy concentration at the lattices. Normal and saturated P–E loop is recalled by Nb donor doping, and associated composition Bi₄Ti_2.97Nb_0.03O_12.015 (BiT-0.03Nb) shows high remnant polarization (P_r = 12.5 μC/cm²) and large field-induced strain (S₃₃ = 5.6 × 10^?4). In addition, this doping results in bulk conductivity (σ_b) of BiT decreasing dramatically and associated activity energy (E_a) increasing significantly. In contrast, high oxide ion conductivity is induced with Mg²⁺ acceptor doping, and at 600 °C the optimum composition has ionic conductivity of ?0.65 × 10^?2 S cm^?1 in the bulk.     

Origin of the temperature stability of dielectric constant in CaCu3Ti4O12

The temperature and dc bias stability of the dielectric constant and loss tangent of CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ samples sintered under different oxygen atmospheres are discussed. The results suggest that the metal-oxygen vacancy related defects not only provide the charge carriers for the conduction (defect doping) but also contribute to the huge permittivity in the way of defect dipoles repositioning under charge carrier hopping. The charge localization in a specific copper-oxygen vacancy defect complex is the reason of the huge and stable permittivity and low dielectric loss in the middle temperature range, 90 K-200 K (20 Hz), while the implementation of the large barrier layer height needs a contribution by the titanium oxygen vacancy related trap charges in the grain boundaries, which also lead to a second permittivity stable range in a higher temperature range 200 K–300 K.     

基于紧耦合结构的宽带基站天线设计

随着5G移动通信频段的公布,传统基站天线已不足以覆盖其工作频段。文章以紧耦合阵列天线理论为基础,提出了一种基于紧耦合结构的交叉偶极子宽带基站天线。该天线由两对正交的领结状偶极子天线构成,通过两对交叉偶极子之间的耦合效应,有效地展宽了天线的阻抗带宽。同时,通过在天线和金属反射板之间加载电阻型频率选择表面,吸收由反射板引入的谐振反射波,改善天线高频端辐射性能。仿真及测试结果表明:该天线在1.7-3.6 GHz 频率范围内,可以满足基站天线的设计指标,两端口驻波比均小于1.5,两端口之间隔离度大于55 dB,半功率波束宽度满足65°±5°范围,且整个频段内增益均大于8.5 dBi。     

In Silico Study on Tumor-Size-Dependent Thermal Profiles inside an Anthropomorphic Female Breast Phantom Subjected to Multi-Dipole Antenna Array

Electromagnetic hyperthermia as a potent adjuvant for conventional cancer therapies can be considered valuable in modern oncology, as its task is to thermally destroy cancer cells exposed to high-frequency electromagnetic fields. Hyperthermia treatment planning based on computer in silico simulations has the potential to improve the localized heating of breast tissues through the use of the phased-array dipole applicators. Herein, we intended to improve our understanding of temperature estimation in an anatomically accurate female breast phantom embedded with a tumor, particularly when it is exposed to an eight-element dipole antenna matrix surrounding the breast tissues. The Maxwell equations coupled with the modified Pennes’ bioheat equation was solved in the modelled breast tissues using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) engine. The microwave (MW) applicators around the object were modelled with shortened half-wavelength dipole antennas operating at the same 1 GHz frequency, but with different input power and phases for the dipole sources. The total input power of an eight-dipole antenna matrix was set at 8 W so that the temperature in the breast tumor did not exceed 42 °C. Finding the optimal setting for each dipole antenna from the matrix was our primary objective. Such a procedure should form the basis of any successful hyperthermia treatment planning. We applied the algorithm of multi for multi-objective optimization for the power and phases for the dipole sources in terms of maximizing the specific absorption rate (SAR) parameter inside the breast tumor while minimizing this parameter in the healthy tissues. Electro-thermal simulations were performed for tumors of different radii to confirm the reliable operation of the given optimization procedure. In the next step, thermal profiles for tumors of various sizes were calculated for the optimal parameters of dipole sources. The computed results showed that larger tumors heated better than smaller tumors; however, the procedure worked well regardless of the tumor size. This verifies the effectiveness of the applied optimization method, regardless of the various stages of breast tumor development.     

Interfacial energy for solutions of nanoparticles,surfactants, and electrolytes

The addition of surfactants to modify the surface property of nanoparticles (NPs) from hydrophilic to hydrophobic also enhances their interfacial properties. Several approaches were previously proposed to calculate the surface tension/interfacial tension (IFT) for different systems in the presence of NPs, surfactants, and electrolytes. However, most of these approaches are indirect and require several measured parameters. Therefore, a mathematical model is developed here to calculate the surface tension/IFT for these systems. The developed model takes into account the cohesive energy due to the interaction of the surfactant CH₂ groups, the electric double layer effect due to the interaction among the ions of NPs, surfactants, and electrolytes, and the dipole–dipole interaction of NPs and electrolytes. The developed model is compared and validated with the laboratory experimental data in literature. The results reveal further understanding of the mechanisms involved in stabilization of oil/water emulsion in the presence of NPs, surfactants, and electrolytes.     

共熔法在玻璃中生长的半导体量子点的电偶极矩

理论分析了共熔法在玻璃中生长的CdSe0.9S0.1半导体量子点在恒定外场作用下的电偶极矩.由于玻璃介质与量子点的互溶,共熔法在玻璃中生长的量子点是球形梯度量子点,其相对介电常数沿径向的变化可以采用指数函数模拟.在球坐标系中通过分离变量法求解电势满足的方程,得到球形梯度量子点的电偶极矩与量子点体积成正比,以及与半导体和玻璃介电常数的定量关系.     

溶剂性质对六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷晶型的作用

研究稳定地得到e型六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷( HNIW)的结晶工艺条件,并寻求多晶转变的理论解释。研究发现,非溶剂的物理性质,如偶极矩、分子极性,在结晶过程中对于HNIW的晶型起重要作用。常温下在无晶种时,当利用乙酸乙酯、丙酮作为溶剂,采用偶极矩值小的非溶剂,如环己烷、石油醚、甲苯、异辛烷等均可使HNIW以ε型晶型结晶出来,反之,采用偶极矩值大的非溶剂,如三甘醇则使HNIW以其它晶型结晶出来。在较高温度下,s型HNIW在极性与非极性溶剂中稳定存在时间明显不同。     

基于辐射中心分解的天线辐射场合成

采用逆投影算法对观测天线不同方向辐射场的仿真数据进行成像处理,获取其辐射强度的分布图像,并引入偶极子辐射中心的概念,采用参数估计法对天线辐射场进行分解并合成,合成结果与直接计算的不同距离的天线辐射场分布数据吻合较好,有效地解决了近场散射建模中天线辐射场的描述问题。同时,该方法也可应用于双站RCS数据压缩、天线反设计及雷达仿真应用等方面。     

复合场下磁流变液层间剪切屈服特性研究

为了研究磁流变液在磁场、温度场共同作用下层间剪切屈服特性,考虑磁化饱和程度以及局部磁场聚集效应的影响,结合经典偶极子和局部场偶极子理论模型,建立了新型颗粒间作用力计算模型—偶极子边界理论模型,理论分析了偶极子边界中颗粒链之间的相互作用力以及同一链中两相邻颗粒间作用力,并给出作用力的数学表达式,搭建了基于线圈外置的圆盘式传动结构的测量装置,通过实验研究验证理论的正确性。结果表明偶极子边界模型计算误差比经典偶极子理论模型和局部场偶极子理论模型小,弱磁场作用下,偶极子边界理论模型计算所得剪切屈服应力结果与实验值的偏差最小,在-1.5%~1%之间;在强磁场作用下,由偶极子边界理论模型计算所得结果与实验值的偏差最小,在-0.4%~0.2%之间。     

信号源内置式球形偶极子天线

为实现30 MHz～1 GHz频率范围内的机箱机柜电磁屏蔽效能测量,研制了直径为100 mm的信号源内置式球形偶极子天线.该天线采用具有陡峭上升沿与下降沿的30 MHz方波信号作为信号源,信号源和电源部分均置于天线内部.对天线幅值动态范围的测试结果表明:在与接收天线相距1 m的条件下,该天线在30 MHz～1 GHz频率范围内的动态范围都在50dB以上,大多数谱线的动态范围达到60dB.所研制天线体积小、可连续工作5小时以上,解决了体积较小机箱机柜的电磁屏蔽效能测试难题.