二苯氨基脲分光光度法测定饮水机热罐中六价铬含量

为了探讨饮水机热罐水中浸出六价铬的含量,采用快速测定六价铬含量的方法:二苯氨基脲分光光度法。试验中对样品进行平行处理并测定浸泡水中六价铬含量,评价热罐水中六价铬的浸出量。结果表明,使用该方法测定饮水机热罐中六价铬含量很稳定,曲线线性良好,线性回归方程为I=0.761 2c+0.002 5,R²=0.999 93,饮水机中热罐浸出六价铬含量为0.010 mg/L。该法对输配水设备产品中浸出六价铬含量的测定具有一定的指导意义。     

Reusable Polyacrylonitrile-Sulfur Extractor of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater

Mercury, lead, and cadmium are among the most toxic and carcinogenic heavy metal ions (HMIs), posing serious threats to the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems and public health. There is an urgent need to remove these ions from water by a cheap but green process. Traditional methods have insufficient removal efficiency and reusability. Structurally robust, large surface-area adsorbents functionalized with high-selectivity affinity to HMIs are attractive filter materials. Here, an adsorbent prepared by vulcanization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), a nitrogen-rich polymer, is reported, giving rise to PAN-S nanoparticles with cyclic π-conjugated backbone and electronic conductivity. PAN-S can be coated on ultra-robust melamine (ML) foam by simple dipping and drying. In agreement with hard/soft acid/base theory, N- and S-containing soft Lewis bases have strong binding to Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Cd²⁺, with extraordinary capture efficiency and performance stability. Furthermore, the used filters, when collected and electrochemically biased in a recycling bath, can release the HMIs into the bath and electrodeposit on the counter-electrode as metallic Hg⁰, Pb⁰, Cu⁰, and Cd⁰, and the PAN-S@ML filter can then be reused at least 6 times as new. The electronically conductive PAN-S@ML filter can be fabricated cheaply and holds promise for scale-up applications.     

Invited review: Freedom from thirst—Do dairy cows and calves have sufficient access to drinking water?

The importance of drinking water for production and animal welfare is widely recognized, but surveys and animal welfare assessment schemes suggest that many dairy calves and dairy cows do not have sufficient access. Limit milk-fed calves drink more water than calves fed milk ad libitum, but ad libitum milk-fed calves also require access to drinking water, as milk does not meet the animal's requirement for water. At hot ambient temperatures and when calves are sick, access to water is especially important and should be provided at all times. Many young calves do not have access to water throughout 24 h, and whether healthy young calves require free access to water at all times, or from which age, is not clear and requires further study. Dairy cow free water intake (FWI) is largely determined by milk yield, and high-yielding dairy cows may drink up 100 L of water per day. Dry matter, crude protein, and salt content of feed, as well as ambient temperature, have considerable effects on dairy cow water intake. Deprivation of water affects meal patterning for the cow, as well as increased subsequent rate of drinking and compensatory water intake. Although dairy cow ad libitum water intake may exceed the water provision necessary to maintain production, offering water for ad libitum intake may be necessary to safe guard animal welfare. Cattle are suction drinkers that prefer to drink from large open water surfaces, and Holstein dairy cows can drink at a rate of up to 24 L/min. Research on the effect of design and placement of water troughs for indoor-housed dairy cows on their drinking behavior and water intake is limited. Access to a water source at pasture increases the time cows spend there, and access to shade reduces water requirements during periods of warm weather. In both indoor and pastured cattle, there is a lack of knowledge about the effect of stocking of water troughs on competition, drinking behavior, and intake in dairy cows. Studies on the effect of available water trough length and placement, and of the number of cows being able to drink from the same trough of a given dimension, are needed to evaluate current recommendations.     

四川省桶装饮用水回收桶中铜绿假单胞菌的污染状况调查

目的 研究桶装饮用水回收桶中铜绿假单胞菌的污染情况以及清洗消毒工序消除铜绿假单胞菌的有效性。方法 参考GB 8538-2016《食品安全国家标准 饮用天然矿泉水检验方法》中铜绿假单胞菌滤膜过滤法, 对大中小型(各2家)桶装饮用水生产企业的清洗消毒工序前后的回收桶进行检测, 并对检出的微生物进行鉴定。 结果 大中小型生产企业的回收桶清洗消毒前的铜绿假单胞菌的检出率依次为75%、80%、70% (平均75%), 清洗消毒后的检出率依次为0、20%、45% (平均22%), 同时检出其他假单胞菌及不动杆菌。结论 桶装饮用水回收桶中铜绿假单胞菌的污染普遍比较严重, 中小型企业的现有清洗消毒工序不足以清除铜绿假单胞菌。     

基于精细模拟的河流型饮用水水源保护区划分研究

合理划定保护区范围是确保集中式饮用水水源地水质安全的重要保障,同时也应与地方的经济发展相适应。为此,以四川省宜宾市中心城区集中式饮用水水源保护区为例,构建了宜宾市岷江一维水动力与水质模型和水源保护区河段精细的二维水动力与水质模型,依据水源保护区划分相关技术规范,综合MIKE11模型与经验类比法划定饮用水水源保护区长度范围,同时利用MIKE 21FM模型对拟划定河段的敏感指标在最不利情形下的浓度分布进行精密模拟。结果表明,一级保护区长度以取水口为基点上溯1 000 m和下溯100m,二级保护区长度从一级水域保护区上游边界上溯2 000m,下游边界下溯200m;官桥溪处箱涵的建设是菜坝镇取水口成立的前提条件;取水口所在的饮用水水源地一级保护区具备单侧划分水源地保护区的条件。     

国内外包装饮用水标准中微生物指标比较和铜绿假单胞菌指标建议

近年来,国内包装饮用水卫生状况的检测中微生物卫生指标不合格情况较为严重,而饮用水的卫生情况直接关系到民大的身体健康。根据GB 19298-2014《食品安全国家标准包装饮用水》,并参照世界卫生组织《饮用水水质指南》第四版,本文对我国的包装饮用水相应的微生物指标进行分析比较,指出存在的问题并提出修改的建议,为包装饮用水的安全生产提供参考。     

离子色谱-串联质谱法测定生活饮用水中的高氯酸盐、氯酸盐和溴酸盐

目的建立离子色谱-串联质谱法同时测定生活饮用水中高氯酸盐、氯酸盐和溴酸盐含量的分析方法。方法选用高容量、亲水性IonPacAS-20阴离子交换柱为分析柱对高氯酸盐、氯酸盐和溴酸盐进行分离,以淋洗液自动发生器在线产生KOH为淋洗液进行洗脱。采用外接水模式,串联质谱进行检测。采用电喷雾离子源负离子模式和多反应监测测定,外标法定量。结果高氯酸盐、氯酸盐和溴酸盐的线性范围分别为0.04～20.00μg/L, 0.02～10.00μg/L, 0.04～20.00μg/L,相关系数r~20.999,检出限分别为0.02、0.01和0.02μg/L,定量限分别为0.04、0.02和0.04μg/L,加标回收率在90.0%～98.8%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)小于8.0%。结论该方法简便、可靠、稳定、灵敏度高,可用于生活饮用水中高氯酸盐、氯酸盐和溴酸盐含量的快速测定与确认。     

饮用天然矿泉水中疑似粪链球菌的鉴定与分析

目的 检测某品牌饮用天然矿泉水样品中是否含有粪链球菌,并对出现的疑似菌落进行分析。方法 按照GB 8538-2016《食品安全国家标准 饮用天然矿泉水检验方法》中规定的检测方法对样品进行检测,对疑似菌落进行确证性试验,并通过VITEK 2 COMPACT全自动微生物鉴定系统对疑似菌进行鉴定。结果 滤膜上出现典型红色菌落,经确证性试验确认为非粪链球菌；经VITEK 2 COMPACT鉴定,该菌为粘质沙雷氏菌。结论 样品中的疑似菌落非粪链球菌而是粘质沙雷菌,该菌作为干扰菌对滤膜法检测粪链球菌具有参考意义。     

Top-down技术精密度法评定饮用水中氯酸钾含量的不确定度

目的使用Top-down技术精密度法评定饮用水中氯酸盐含量的不确定度。方法按照GB/T5750.10-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法消毒副产物指标》规定的分析方法,通过对质控样品和能力验证样品的测定,基于Top-down精密度法的原理对数据进行检验和分析。结果通过偏移和精密度核查,在证明分析系统受控的情况下,计算得到不确定的结果U=0.056 mg/L。结论 Top-down技术用于化学分析不确定评估将不确定评估与实验室内部质量控制工作结合,减少了工作量,具有广泛的应用前景。     

广西大石山区人饮工程的主要技术措施与成效分析

为了解决桂西北大石区群众干旱缺水问题,广西壮族自治区组织开展"大石山区人畜饮水工程建设大会战",利用2年时间解决了大石区120多万农村人饮水安全问题。结合2年多的工作实践,简述大石山区人饮工程建设标准和主要技术措施,分析总结了建设成效及经验。