缝合复合材料低速冲击损伤研究

通过三维动力学有限元法,采用空间杆单元来描述缝线,结合试验系统地研究了缝合复合材料的低速冲击损伤问题。采用修正的赫兹接触定律计算冲击接触力,NewMark直接积分法求解运动方程,求解冲击过程中的应力应变;在Chang和Hou等的分层扩展准则基础上,提出一修正的分层扩展准则并考虑纤维断裂,建立了分析低速冲击损伤面积的方法;对相同铺层的缝合与未缝合复合材料层板进行了低速冲击试验。分析结果与实验结果具有良好的一致性,证明本文中提出的修正的分层扩展准则是正确的。计算及试验结果均表明,在相同冲击能量作用下,缝合使冲击损伤面积明显减小。  

碳纤维增强复合材料筋混凝土梁非线性力学性能

为了研究碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)筋混凝土梁的非线性力学性能，基于非线性理论推导了CFRP筋梁的有限元分析模型：对4个预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁进行了非线性全过程分析，考察了预应力CFRP筋、GFRP筋和普通钢筋的应力发展规律。与试验资料对比可知，计算结果与试验数据吻合良好，说明采用弥散裂缝模式、Owen屈服准则和Hinton压碎准则能较好地描述混凝土开裂、屈服和压碎特性，同时也说明了CFRP筋及其力学效应用组合单元模拟的有效性以及本文中研制程序的正确性。CFRP筋具有高强度性能，梁试件破坏时CFRP筋均未失效；与受拉区配筋为钢筋相比，GFRP筋在全过程中处于弹性阶段。  

复合材料加筋层合板的极限强度分析

基于更新拉格朗日格式,应用非线性层合三维退化壳元,结合有效的复合材料失效准则、刚度退化模型以及提出的刚度矩阵奇异判断准则,对复合材料加筋层合板在轴向载荷作用下的压缩极限强度问题进行深入研究。讨论了铺层方式、板厚等对极限强度的影响。通过与试验结果进行比较,表明基于提出的刚度矩阵奇异判断准则,结合增量更新拉格朗日格式下非线性层合三维退化有限元的计算方法,能有效计算复合材料加筋层合板的轴向压缩极限强度,并具有很高的精度。  

复合材料整体加筋板轴压后屈曲失效表征

应用商业有限元软件ABAQUS中的内聚单元， 对后屈曲诱发的复合材料整体加筋板的缘条/蒙皮界面的失效进行了分析。基于有限元结果, 提出了缘条/蒙皮界面内力的提取方法并研究了其变化规律。为了研究缘条/蒙皮刚度比对界面失效的影响以及失效时界面内力之间的关系, 以缘条厚度为参数进行参数化建模， 给出了界面脱胶的失效准则和失效包线。最后对缘条/蒙皮厚度比和刚度比提出了设计建议。  

缝合复合材料层板低速冲击损伤数值模拟

建立了缝合复合材料层板在低速冲击载荷下的渐进损伤分析模型。模型中采用空间杆单元模拟缝线的作用；采用三维实体单元模拟缝合层板，通过基于应变描述的Hashin准则，结合相应的材料性能退化方案模拟层板的损伤和演化；采用界面单元模拟层间界面，结合传统的应力失效判据和断裂力学中的应变能释放率准则判断分层的起始和扩展规律。通过对碳800环氧树脂复合材料（T800/5228）层板的数值仿真结果和试验结果相比较，验证了模型的正确性，同时讨论了不同冲击能量下缝合层板的损伤规律。研究结果表明：缝线能够有效地抑制层板的分层损伤扩展；相同冲击能量下缝合与未缝合层板的基体损伤和纤维损伤在厚度分布上相似，缝合层板的损伤都要小于未缝合层板。  

A study of transverse ply cracking using a discrete element method

We study the transverse cracking of the 90° ply in [0/90]_S cross-ply laminates by means of a discrete element method. To model the 90° ply a two-dimensional triangular lattice of springs is constructed where nodes of the lattice model fibers, and springs with random breaking thresholds represent the disordered matrix material in between. The spring-lattice is coupled by interface springs to two rigid bars which represent the two 0° plies in the model, which could be sublaminate as well. Molecular dynamics simulation is used to follow the time evolution of the model system. It was found that under gradual loading of the specimen, after some distributed cracking, segmentation cracks occur in the 90° ply which then develop into a saturated state where the ply cannot support additional load. The stress distribution between two neighboring segmentation cracks was determined, furthermore, the dependence of the microstructure of damage on the ply thickness was also studied. To give a quantitative characterization of stiffness degradation, the Young modulus of the system is monitored as a function of the density of segmentation cracks. The results of the simulations are in satisfactory agreement with experimental findings and with the results of analytic calculations.  

阵列形式及阵元失效对统计最优近场声全息重建结果的影响分析

为探究阵列形式以及阵元失效两种阵列因素对声场重建结果的影响,基于统计最优近场声全息（Statistically Optimal Near-field Acoustical Holography,SONAH）理论,仿真计算了网格阵列、圆形阵列、均布非规则阵列的声场重建结果。得出：网格阵列和均布非规则阵列都能准确识别声源位置,圆形阵列不能用于SONAH声场重建;模拟研究了典型失效模式下阵元失效产生的影响,结果表明：阵元失效后在失效点处会出现伪声源,其大小与失效点和声源距离有关。由此给出并分析了阵元失效的补偿方法,基于该方法对典型失效模式进行了算例仿真并分析计算了重建误差限,结果显示：采用该方法能消除伪声源,较好地识别声源位置。从而验证了该方法的有效性,为实际工程测量提供了指导与借鉴。  

平面杆系结构的失效包络图及失效评估

定义了平面杆系中的失效评估杆元、以及该杆元的正则杆端弯矩和正则杆端曲率,据此引入了杆件失效包络图、工作状态图、以及杆件失效指标,进而定义了平面杆系结构失效包络图、结构工作状态图。又据该图中反映杆元状态的点群的分布情况,分别从概率分布、加权平均和取最大值的角度定义了三种结构整体失效指标。利用杆元和结构失效指标可简明直观地进行结构失效评估,成为与通常基于结构物理性能改变的结构损伤评估不同的另一种几何评估模式。利用本方法分析了一个三跨六层框架,计算了该框架在多种荷载、梁柱线刚度比、以及失效评估杆元划分密度下的各种失效指标。  

Statistical failure analysis of adhesive resin cement bonded dental ceramics

The goal of this work is to quantitatively examine the effect of adhesive resin cement on the probability of crack initiation from the internal surface of ceramic dental restorations. The possible crack bridging mechanism and residual stress effect of the resin cement on the ceramic surface are examined. Based on the fracture-mechanics-based failure probability model, we predict the failure probability of glass-ceramic disks bonded to simulated dentin subjected to indentation loads. The theoretical predictions match experimental data suggesting that both resin bridging and shrinkage plays an important role and need to be considered for accurate prognostics to occur.  

Three‐dimensional finite elements with embedded strong discontinuities to model material failure in the infinitesimal range

This paper presents new three‐dimensional finite elements with embedded strong discontinuities in the small strain infinitesimal range. The goal is to model localized surfaces of failure in solids, such as cracks at fracture, through enhancements of the finite elements that capture the propagating discontinuities of the displacement field in the element interiors. In this way, such surfaces of discontinuity can be sharply resolved in general meshes not necessarily related to the detailed geometry of the surface, unknown a priori. An important issue is also the consideration of general finite element formulations in the developments (e.g., basic displacement‐based, mixed or enhanced assumed strain finite element formulations), as needed to optimally resolve the continuum problem in the bulk. The actual modeling of the discontinuity effects, including the incorporation of the cohesive law defining the discontinuity constitutive response, is carried out at the element level with the proper enhancement of the discrete strain field of the element. The added elemental degrees of freedom approximate the displacement jumps associated with the discontinuity and are defined independently from element to element, thus allowing their static condensation at the element level without affecting the global mechanical problem in terms of the number and topology of the global degrees of freedom. In fact, this global‐local structure of the finite element methods developed in this work arises naturally from a multi‐scale characterization of these localized solutions, with the discontinuities understood to appear in the small scales, thus leading directly to these computationally efficient numerical methods for their numerical resolution, easily incorporated to an existing finite element code. The focus in this paper is on the development of finite elements incorporating a linear interpolation of the displacement jumps in the general three‐dimensional setting. These interpolations are shown to be necessary for hexahedral elements to avoid the so‐called stress locking that occurs with simpler constant approximations of the jumps (namely, a spurious transfer of stresses across the discontinuity not allowing its full release and, hence, resulting in an overstiff or locked numerical solution). The design of the new finite elements is accomplished in this work by a direct identification of the separation modes to be incorporated in the discrete strain field of the element, rather than from an assumed discontinuous interpolation of the displacements, assuring with this approach their locking‐free response by design. An additional issue addressed in the paper is the geometric characterization and propagation of the discontinuity surfaces in the general three‐dimensional setting of interest here. The paper includes a series of numerical simulations illustrating and evaluating the properties of the new finite elements. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.