Effects of upholstery materials on the burning behavior of real‐scale residential upholstered furniture mock‐ups

Fire spread and growth on real‐scale four cushion mock‐ups of residential upholstered furniture (RUF) were investigated with the goal of identifying whether changes in five classes of materials (barrier, flexible polyurethane foam, polyester fiber wrap, upholstery fabric, and sewing thread), referred to as factors, resulted in statistically significant changes in burning behavior. A fractional factorial experimental design plus practical considerations yielded a test matrix with 20 material combinations. Experiments were repeated a minimum of two times. Measurements included fire spread rates derived from video recordings and heat release rates (HRRs). A total of 13 experimental parameters (3 based on the videos and 10 on the HRR results), referred to as responses, characterized the measurements. Statistical analyses based on Main Effects Plots (main effects) and Block Plots (main effects and factor interactions) were used. The results showed that three of the factors resulted in statistically significant effects on varying numbers of the 13 responses. The Barrier and Fabric factors had the strongest main effects with roughly comparable magnitudes. Foam was statistically significant for fewer of the responses and its overall strength was weaker than for Barrier and Fabric. No statistically significant main effects were identified for Wrap or Thread. Multiple two‐term interactions between factors were identified as being statistically significant. The Barrier*Fabric interaction resulted in the highest number of and strongest statistically significant effects. The existence of two‐term interactions means that it will be necessary to consider their effects in approaches designed to predict the burning behavior of RUF.     

Reduced‐scale test to assess the effect of fire barriers on the flaming combustion of cored composites: An upholstery‐material case study

Herein, we describe a reduced‐scale test (“Cube” test), measuring the fire performance of specimens including a fire barrier (FB) and a flammable core material, which acts as the main fuel load. The specimen is intended to reproduce a cross‐section of a composite product where heat/mass transfer occurs primarily in a direction perpendicular to the FB. The Cube test procedure and benefits are discussed in this work by adopting residential upholstery furniture as an exemplary study. One flexible polyurethane foam, one polypropylene cover fabric, and 10 commercially available FBs were selected. They were used to compare the fire performance of FBs, measured in terms of peak of heat release rate, in the ASTM E1474‐14 standard test and the newly developed Cube test. Edge effects severely affected the performance of FBs in the ASTM E1474‐14 standard test but not in the Cube test. Furthermore, appropriate test conditions were determined in the Cube test to measure the so‐called “wetting point,” that is, the time and value of heat release rate measured when flammable liquid products were first observed on the bottom of the specimen. The relevance of the “wetting point” in terms of full‐scale fire performance and failure mechanism of FBs is discussed.     

Chemical exposures from upholstered furniture with various flame retardant technologies

Upholstered furniture is often manufactured with polyurethane foam (PUF) containing flame retardants (FRs) to prevent the risk of a fire and/or to meet flammability regulations, however, exposure to certain FRs and other chemicals have been linked to adverse health effects. This study developed a new methodology for evaluating volatile organic compound (VOC) and FR exposures to users of upholstered furniture by simulating use of a chair in a controlled exposure chamber and assessing the health significance of measured chemical exposure. Chairs with different fire-resistant technologies were evaluated for VOC and FR exposures via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact exposure routes. Data show that VOC exposure levels are lower than threshold levels defined by the US and global indoor air criteria. Brominated FRs were not detected from the studied chairs. The organophosphate FRs added to PUF were released into the surrounding air (0.4 ng/m³) and as dust (16 ng/m²). Exposure modeling showed that adults are exposed to FRs released from upholstered furniture mostly by dermal contact and children are exposed via dermal and ingestion exposure. Children are most susceptible to FR exposure/dose (2 times higher average daily dose than adults) due to their frequent hand to mouth contact.     

基于第三方物流的家具配送开放式车辆路径问题

为了降低家具配送成本,提高物流效率,基于第三方物流配送模式,构建了以总行驶距离最短和车辆数最少为最优目标的开放式车辆路径问题(open vehicle routing problem,OVRP)数学模型,并设计了一个改进的两阶段禁忌搜索算法进行求解,第1阶段求解包含所有客户的TSP(traveling salesman problem)路径来作为第2阶段划分OVRP路径的基础.设计了一个随机动态禁忌表,并将"邻域算子编号"和"邻域交换点对"同时作为禁忌对象,避免了过度禁忌的情况.另外,对5个邻域算子进行了测试,表明采用由点交换、分序点插入、点逆序和前点前向插入这4个算子组成的多邻域结构体效果最佳.经算例测试和文献对比,验证了设计算法的有效性,采用第三方物流配送比自营物流配送更节省成本.     

明式椅凳类家具的模件化分析

目的以椅凳为例,从模件化的角度来探讨明式椅凳类家具的生成方法及椅凳类家具的模件化特征。作为我国古代家具的典型代表,明式家具历经数百年不衰。它有着丰富的内涵,蕴含了古代设计者、生产者的造物思想,是古代人民的智慧结晶。从模件的角度来探讨明式家具,可以丰富明式家具的研究体系。方法从明式椅凳本身出发,通过观察、分析明式椅凳类家具,分别从整体与细节上分析了明式椅凳类家具构件的组合方式,论述了明式椅凳家具模件的标准化与丰富性、明式椅凳家具的模件整体组合特征,以及单件明式椅凳家具的模件构成特征。结论明式椅凳类家具由一定数量的模件构成,并且在明式家具的特征范围内,它具有模件互换、能按照一定规则进行组合的模件化特征。     

赛博朋克艺术在家具设计中的创新应用

目的 梳理赛博朋克的发展历程，归纳其视觉体系，总结其艺术特征，探究赛博朋克艺术在家具中的设计思路。方法 从赛博朋克的起源与发展历程出发，以其标志性的视觉要素和表现手法为切入点，通过分析其设计要素特征及要素对环境的塑造，来归纳总结赛博朋克的艺术特征，探究其应用思路和设计方法，最终应用于家具设计的实践中。结论 赛博朋克作为一种青年亚文化，拥有着赛博空间与意识数据化、赛博义体与仿生人、巨型企业与贫民窟等独特的视觉要素及极具风格化的表现手法，以满足特定人群的个性化设计为需求，通过对家具设计新风格的探索，得出了视觉要素的化用、意境和科技感的塑造、文化内涵的传达及其他艺术或文化的结合应用4个角度的创新思路。     

纸绳在家具设计中的应用

目的 从绿色家具视角和纸绳家具设计实例出发,探究纸绳家具的设计原则和方法,旨在为实际应用提供一种新的思路.方法 通过对纸绳材料优势的深入分析,结合实例和现阶段绿色家具的设计要求,分析"6R""以人为本"设计原则在纸绳家具设计中的应用,并指导设计实践.结论 "6R"和"以人为本"的设计原则对纸绳家具设计具有指导作用,所设计的纸绳家具不仅能够避免复合纸板家具不耐水、不耐久等不足,也赋予纸家具产品温馨的人文主义气息,达到功能性与艺术性的完美统一.与此同时,在充分了解材料属性的基础上,赋予纸绳家具可回收、再循环和再利用的环保属性,拟满足当代消费者对产品实用性和环保性的双重要求,这对纸材料在家具设计中的进一步拓展具有重要意义.     

Influence of modern plastic furniture on the fire development in fires in homes: large‐scale fire tests in living rooms

About 80% of all fire fatalities in Germany occur because of fires in homes. It has been known for some time that modern materials (synonym for materials consisting mostly of synthetic polymers) tend to burn differently from older materials (synonym for materials consisting mostly of fibrous cellulosic substances) and it has been acknowledged that the amount of combustible plastics in homes has increased significantly over the last decades. To investigate the influence of modern furniture and ventilation conditions of fires in homes, a series of four large‐scale tests in two living rooms (LRs) with adjacent rooms (ARs) was performed by BAM and the Frankfurt fire service. Two LRs, one with older furniture and one with modern furniture, were tested twice each. Each test started with the ignition of a paper cushion on an upholstered chair. The influence of modern materials on the fire development was investigated, as well as the influence of the ventilation on the fire development. In all settings, an upholstered chair was the first burning item. Results of the test series show that fires in rooms with modern furniture develop faster than fires in rooms with older furniture. This is true for temperature development in the rooms as well as for smoke production.     

家具行业水性木器涂料的研发与应用现状

综述了家具行业水性木器涂料的研发与应用现状,对家具行业水性木器涂料的研究现状、使用现状及前景进行了阐述。     

一个有表情的大房子——旺德府国际家俱建材购物中心方案设计

以家居的方式提炼建筑,打破以往建材家俱市场的冰冷面孔,给顾客提供以"家"为中心,集家俱、建材、设计、装修以及智能信息、文化传播、展览演示、购物休闲等综合功能为一体的"一站式"服务。