纳米级超声造影剂的理论研究进展

为了克服超声造影剂中微米级气泡尺寸较大的局限性,大量研究人员对超声应用的替代造影剂(纳米级造影剂)进行了研究。随着生物纳米技术的飞速发展,纳米级超声造影剂在诊断与治疗领域有着广阔的发展前景。与超声造影剂中的微米级气泡相比,纳米级造影剂粒径较小,渗透能力极强,可以通过血管内皮间隙,进而可以实现血管外病变部位的显影。文中详细论述了超声造影剂在超声作用下的行为以及2种主要的纳米级造影剂:纳米气泡和纳米液滴造影剂,对其理论研究进展进行了总结,并提出了目前仍存在的一些问题及其未来的研究方向。     

Optimization of E. coli tip-sonication for high-yield cell-free extract using finite element modeling

Optimal tip sonication settings, namely tip position, input power, and pulse durations, are necessary for temperature sensitive procedures like preparation of viable cell extract. In this paper, the optimum tip immersion depth (20–30% height below the liquid surface) is estimated which ensures maximum mixing thereby enhancing thermal dissipation of local cavitation hotspots. A finite element (FE) heat transfer model is presented, validated experimentally with (R² > 97%) and used to observe the effect of temperature rise on cell extract performance of Escherichia coli BL21 DE3 star strain and estimate the temperature threshold. Relative yields in the top 10% are observed for solution temperatures maintained below 32°C; this reduces below 50% relative yield at temperatures above 47°C. A generalized workflow for direct simulation using the CONSOL code as well as master plots for estimation of sonication parameters (power input and pulse settings) is also presented.     

The home environment in a nationwide sample of multi-family buildings in Sweden: associations with ocular,nasal, throat and dermal symptoms,headache, and fatigue among adults

Risk factors at home for ocular, nasal, throat and dermal symptoms, headache, and fatigue were studied in a nationwide questionnaire survey in Sweden, the BETSI study in 2006. Totally, 5775 adults from a stratified random sample of multi-family buildings participated. Associations between home environment factors and weekly symptoms were analyzed by multi-level logistic regression. In total, 8.3% had ocular symptoms; 11.9% nasal symptoms; 7.1% throat symptoms; 11.9% dermal symptoms; 8.5% headache and 23.1% fatigue. Subjects in colder climate zones had more mucosal and throat symptoms but less fatigue and ocular symptoms. Rented apartments had poorer indoor environment than self-owned apartments. Those living in buildings constructed from 1961 to 1985 had most symptoms. Building dampness, mold and mold odor were risk factors, especially headache and ocular symptoms. Lack of mechanical ventilation system was another risk factor, especially for headache. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), electric radiators, and crowdedness were other risk factors. Oiled wooden floors, recent indoor painting, and new floor materials were negatively associated with symptoms. In conclusion, building dampness, mold, poor ventilation conditions, crowdedness, ETS, and emissions from electric radiators in apartments in Sweden can increase the risk of ocular, nasal, throat and dermal symptoms, headache, and fatigue.     

超声波辅助木片常压浸渍及其漂白

采用化学热磨机械浆（CTMP）工艺，以桉木与杨木2种木材为原料，初步研究了超声波辅助木片常压浸渍及其漂白效果。通过监测体系中的残余氢氧化钠的量来探究外部环境体系（温度、时间和用碱量）对超声波辅助木片常压浸渍的影响，结果表明：超声波辅助处理浸渍，桉木为温度75℃，时间30 min，用碱量6%；杨木为温度75℃，时间30 min，用碱量5%，此较优条件下，桉木白度提高2.83%（ISO），残余过氧化氢质量分数提高了4.4个百分点，碱吸收量达41.5 kg/t，较未经超声波处理后的桉木的碱吸收量提高了5.06%；杨木白度无变化，而残余过氧化氢质量分数提高了2.73个百分点，碱吸收量达38.75 kg/t，较未经超声波处理的杨木碱吸收量提高了6.15%。     

基于自回归谱外推的全聚焦成像分辨力提升

针对相邻缺陷全聚焦超声成像混叠问题，结合低阶、宽有效频带自回归谱外推方法，压缩超声波时域脉冲宽度，实现亚波长级全聚焦（Total focusing method，TFM）成像分辨力。建立碳钢试块模型，设置两个中心间距1.8 mm，直径1.3 mm圆孔，选用中心频率2.25 MHz，32阵元相控阵探头采集全矩阵数据。针对全矩阵数据，选择自回归阶数为2，信号频谱最大幅值下降14 dB为有效频带，建立自回归模型并外推有效频带外的高频与低频成分，随后对全矩阵数据进行延迟叠加处理和TFM成像。仿真结果表明，低阶、宽有效频带自回归谱外推处理方法具有较高的鲁棒性和准确性，TFM成像后可有效分离中心间距0.7λ（λ为超声波长）圆孔，保留缺陷横向位置信息的同时，定位误差不超过0.73%。对碳钢试块中相同位置及尺寸的圆孔进行试验验证，定位误差不超过1.06%，有效地提高TFM成像分辨力。     

超声波辅助插层-剥离法制备煤系高岭土微粉的研究

我国煤系高岭土储量丰富,为满足造纸、纺织等行业个性化的需求,通常要对其进行深加工。以山西朔州煤系高岭土为原料,分别在恒温磁力搅拌和超声波作用下探究了煤系高岭土/二甲基亚砜(DMSO)插层复合物制备的最佳条件,在插层复合物的基础上对煤系高岭土进行超声辅助剥离,制备得到高岭土微粉,并利用XRD、SEM、BET、TG-DSC等方法分析表征样品。正交实验结果表明在磁力搅拌条件下DMSO用量、插层时间以及插层温度均对插层率具有一定的影响,引入超声波有利于高岭土插层率的提升。插层复合物经超声辅助剥离后晶粒厚度明显减小,高岭土片层状结构大体上呈现碎片化,仅保留少部分大的片状结构,其边缘碎化,整体上也出现碎裂的趋势。剥离样品的比表面积和孔径均大幅度增加,为硬质高岭土的剥离和超微细粉体的制备提供了新的思路。     

超声波辅助酶法提取地瓜渣中不可溶性膳食纤维工艺研究

以地瓜渣为原料,在单因素的基础上,选取超声功率、酶解时间、超声温度、加酶量四个因素,以地瓜渣不溶性膳食纤维提取率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化超声波辅助酶法提取地瓜渣膳食纤维的工艺条件。结果表明:地瓜渣中不可溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber,IDF)提取的最佳工艺条件为:超声功率60 W,酶解时间50 min,超声温度50℃,加酶量0.6%,此时IDF提取率为68.98%,与模型的预期值69.05%基本相符,表明实测值与理论值之间拟合度良好。产品为淡黄色,地瓜渣不溶性膳食纤维持水力和持油力为0.897g/g和0.574g/g。     

医用敷料用柔性金属电极的制备及其细胞毒性分析

为研究用于医用敷料的柔性金属电极的制备可行性和安全性,以涤纶非织造布为基布,通过丝网印刷技术,制备以锌为负电极、银为正电极的柔性微电流生物医用敷料。探讨了电极制备过程中的分散剂种类、分散剂含量及黏合剂含量对金属电极电学性能的影响,并分析了金属电极可能引起的细胞毒性问题。实验结果表明:丝网印刷技术能在基布表面均匀地负载锌、银微纳米颗粒;1%的羧甲基纤维素钠和0.5%的吐温-80分别作为锌、银颗粒的分散剂,能使金属颗粒具有良好的分散性;5%和15%的水性丙烯酸乳液分别作为锌、银金属电极的黏合剂,可使电极具有优良的电性能;当金属质量分数为0.5%~1.0%时,金属电极表现出良好的细胞相容性,可作为生物医用敷料为伤口提供外源性微电流。     

黑果腺肋花楸中花色苷超声辅助提取工艺优化研究

目的优化超声辅助提取黑果腺肋花楸中花色苷工艺的方法。方法在单因素的基础上,研究提取温度、液料比和提取时间对花色苷提取率的影响,并利用响应面法对花色苷的提取条件进行优化。结果黑果腺肋花楸中花色苷提取的最佳工艺条件为:乙醇溶液(含0.5%的乙酸)浓度为40%,提取温度为43℃,超声时间为23 min,料液比为89:1(V:m),此条件下,黑果腺肋花楸中花色苷提取得率为(0.79±0.010)g/100g。结论本方法可以快速有效地提取黑果腺肋花楸中的花色苷。     

Sparse non-convex Lp regularization for cone-beam X-ray luminescence computed tomography

Cone-beam X-ray luminescence computed tomography (CB-XLCT) is an attractive hybrid imaging modality, and it has the potential of monitoring the metabolic processes of nanophosphors-based drugs in vivo. However, the XLCT imaging suffers from a severe ill-posed problem. In this work, a sparse nonconvex L_p (0?p?L₁ regularization. Further, an iteratively reweighted split augmented lagrangian shrinkage algorithm (IRW_SALSA-L_p) was proposed to efficiently solve the non-convex L_p (0?p?p-values (1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 7/8) in both 3D digital mouse experiments and in vivo experiments. The results demonstrate that the proposed non-convex methods outperform L₂ and L₁ regularization in accurately recovering sparse targets in CB-XLCT. And among all the non-convex p-values, our L_p(1/4?p?相似文献