Effect of ultrasonic waveforms on gas–liquid mass transfer in microreactors

This study aims to investigate the effect of ultrasonic waveforms on the gas–liquid mass transfer process. For a given load power (P), continuous rectangular wave yielded stronger bubble oscillation and higher mass transfer coefficient (k_La) than continuous triangular and sinusoidal wave. For pulsed ultrasound, the k_La decreased monotonically with decreasing duty ratio (D), resulting in weak enhancement at low D (≤33%). For a given average load power (P_A), concentrating the P for a shorter period resulted in a higher k_La due to stronger cavitation behavior. For a given P_A and D, decreasing the pulse period (T) led to an increase in k_La, which reached a constant high level when the T fell below a critical value. By optimizing the D and T, a k_La equivalent to 92% of that under continuous ultrasound was obtained under pulsed ultrasound at a D of 67%, saving 33% in power consumption.     

Prediction models for multiphase-flow-induced corrosion of API X80 steel in CO2/H2S environment

In the offshore oil and gas industry, mainly focusing on the use of rigid or flexible pipes of subsea infrastructure applied to risers or flowlines, one of the greatest difficulties is the interpretation of the combined effects of the various correlated phenomena (hydrodynamic effects of intermittent flow, the effects of corrosivity of the environment in addition to variations in pressure, temperature, and dynamic loading). On the basis of this scenario, defining the degree of severity of each of the correlated system variables becomes of fundamental importance for establishing reliable criteria for selecting materials for subsea application. The established flow pattern directly affects the corrosion rate (or the pipe material mass loss), but the balance of other variables including possible changes in the physical and transported fluid chemical properties may increase the damage up to an order of magnitude, which is a piece of information normally not foreseen in design criteria. Therefore, to improve the understanding of the corrosion study influenced by multiphase flow, a testing loop was designed and assembled at the Corrosion and Protection Laboratory of the Institute for Technological Research, in which API X80 steel coupons were positioned in locations with a 0° and 45° inclinations. Tests were conducted by varying the partial pressure of the gaseous phase containing blends of CO₂ and H₂S with N₂ balance, mixed with the liquid phase containing light oil and heavy oil in water with salinity (NaCl)-simulating oil well conditions with 80% water cut. The main objective of this study is to establish models that can predict the corrosion intensity in conditions close to those obtained experimentally. To achieve results, the multiple regression and Box–Cox transformation methods were applied. These models will make possible damage prediction and optimization of matrix parameters for the multiphase-loop test.     

颗粒负荷对小型旋风器性能影响的模拟分析

为探究颗粒负荷对小型旋风器内气固两相流动的影响，基于雷诺应力模型（RSM）和欧拉-欧拉方法的混合流模型（Mixture）进行气体-颗粒、颗粒-颗粒的相间耦合计算。采用粒径为0.5～5μm的颗粒组在40L/min、60L/min和80L/min的入口流量下模拟0~3kg/m³的5种不同颗粒浓度工况，通过对比旋风器内纯气相流场和颗粒负荷流场的不同，研究了颗粒的存在对流场的影响；探究了入口流量和浓度变化对旋风器内分离效率和压降特性的影响。基于模型有效性验证的数值模拟结果表明：较高颗粒浓度负荷使旋风器内的气相流场发生显著变化。随着入口流量的增大，旋风器的分离效率先增大后减小，压降呈非线性增大。随着颗粒浓度的增大，旋风器的分离效率逐渐增大，压降先减小后增大。     

基于BS值的钢中多相组织分相技术

为了对钢中双相或多相组织进行分相定量表征，利用场发射扫描电镜(FE SEM)与电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)中的BS值对其进行了详细的研究与讨论。结果表明，对于单相的铁素体、贝氏体或马氏体，其BS灰度分布图呈近似的正态分布，BS图可以呈现出类似于组织的图像。利用BS值可以很好地对结构相近的双相或多相组织进行分相定量。在分相定量时，需选择适合的拟合函数，定量结果才更为准确。     

A generalized CFD model for evaluating catalytic separation process in structured porous materials

A hybrid multiphase model is developed to simulate the simultaneous momentum, heat and mass transfer and heterogeneous catalyzed reaction in structured catalytic porous materials. The approach relies on the combination of the volume of fluid (VOF) and Eulerian–Eulerian models, and several plug-in field functions. The VOF method is used to capture the gas–liquid interface motion, and the Eulerian–Eulerian framework solves the temperature and chemical species concentration equations for each phase. The self-defined field functions utilize a single-domain approach to overcome convergence difficulty when applying the hybrid multiphase for a multi-domain problem. The method is then applied to investigate selective removal of specific species in multicomponent reactive evaporation process. The results show that the coupling of catalytic reaction and interface species mass transfer at the phase interface is conditional, and the coupling of catalytic reaction and momentum transfer across fluid–porous interface significantly affects the conversion rate of reactants. Based on the numerical results, a strategy is proposed for matching solid catalyst with operating condition in catalytic distillation application.     

多相流管输体系中水合物沉积机理研究进展

国内外对多相流管输体系中水合物沉积的研究虽然很多，但水合物沉积机理仍有待进一步研究。本文根据水合物沉积实验开展条件的不同，将多相流管输体系分为气体主导体系、油基体系、部分分散体系、水主导体系，总结了各体系的水合物沉积的主要机理，并提出了未来的发展方向。管输体系中水合物沉积机理包括水润湿沉积表面、水合物颗粒聚并、水合物的管壁膜生长、水合物颗粒的管壁粘附和水合物的颗粒着床沉积等。大多数学者认为：水合物的管壁膜生长是气体主导体系水合物沉积的主要机理；油基体系水合物沉积的主要机理是水合物颗粒的着床沉积；而部分分散体系和水主导体系的水合物沉积机理尚无统一定论，需进一步研究。多相流管输体系中水合物沉积研究未来的发展方向如下。①搭建全透明的流动环路，观测水合物在管路内实际的形成过程及沉积过程，对水合物沉积机理进行深入研究。②量化研究油水分层、油包水(或水包油)乳状液、自由水层对水合物沉积、堵塞的影响。③对于气体主导体系，除环状流和分层流外，有必要对段塞流、气泡流等其他常见的流型下沉积机理进行研究，重点在于开发一个综合模型来描述水合物沉积过程。④对于水主导体系，水合物形成过程出现的油水破乳的具体机理应是未来水合物沉积过程进行定量研究的方向。⑤国内外对垂直管、弯管及管阀件处水合物沉积堵塞理论研究较少，未来应着重这方面。     

Mathematical model for coal conversion in supercritical water: reacting multiphase flow with conjugate heat transfer

Providing heat for supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of coal by coupling subsequent products oxidation in integrated supercritical water reactor (ISWR) provides an effective method for directional control of temperature field and avoids excessive hot spots caused by uniform heating. An exploratory numerical model incorporating particle-fluid flow dynamics, multispecies transport and thermal coupling between endothermic coal gasification and exothermic product oxidation was established to simulate the reacting multiphase flow process of coal conversion in a novel lab-scale ISWR. An eleven-lump kinetic model was proposed for the prediction of chemical reactions. And the thermal coupling relationship was described by conjugate heat transfer boundary conditions (BC). Detailed physical and chemical field distribution in ISWR were analyzed and influence factors were discussed. The results showed that oxidation of gas products as inner heat source could promote the gasification reaction with only slight or even little maximum temperature increase of the pressure-bearing wall. Coal feeding rate and oxygen supply method significantly affected the field distribution. The multi-injection compressed-air supply method provided a more uniform temperature field but would reduce heat transfer temperature difference. The carbon gasification efficiency (CGE) in the gasification zone could easily reach up to 97% under mild conditions (less than 650 °C).     

Experimental investigation of multiphase flow behavior in drilling annuli using high speed visualization technique

Imaging with high definition video camera is an important technique to visualize the drilling conditions and to study the physics of complex multiphase flow associated with the hole cleaning process. The main advantage of visualizing multiphase flow in a drilling annulus is that the viewer can easily distinguish fluid phases, flow patterns and thicknesses of cutting beds. In this paper the hole cleaning process which involves the transportation of cuttings through a horizontal annulus was studied. The two-phase (solid-liquid) and the three-phase (solid-liquid-gas) flow conditions involved in this kind of annular transportation were experimentally simulated and images were taken using a high definition camera. Analyzing the captured images, a number of important parameters like velocities of different phases, heights of solid beds and sizes of gas bubbles were determined. Two different techniques based on an image analysis software and MATLAB coding were used for the determinations. The results were compared to validate the image analyzing methodology. The visualization technique developed in this paper has a direct application in investigating the critical conditions required for efficient hole cleaning as well as in optimizing the mud program during both planning and operational phases of drilling. Particularly, it would be useful in predicting the cuttings transport performance, estimating solid bed height, gas bubble size, and mean velocities of bubbles/particles.     

钠水反应试验系统中小泄漏钠水反应氢气分布特性

蒸汽发生器是钠冷快堆的关键设备之一，其传热管破裂引发的钠水反应会产生大量氢气及热量，危害钠冷快堆的安全运行。本文基于VOF多相流模型，在钠水反应试验系统内开展中小泄漏钠水反应工况的数值分析，获得了高压反应釜内氢气在钠水反应下的三维空间分布特性和迁移特性。结果表明：高压反应釜内氢气的迁移特性受钠液流速影响，氢气在整个循环环路的迁移特性主要受水泄漏量控制。通过设置灵敏度为0.005 ppm的氢计，获得了环路不同区域检测到氢气的最快特征时间。     

超重力强化臭氧高级氧化技术的研究进展

臭氧高级氧化技术因其绿色高效、适用性广、操作简便等优势，成为当前水处理领域前沿技术之一，但臭氧在传统反应器内普遍存在吸收效果差，臭氧利用率低等缺陷。旋转填料床（RPB）利用高速旋转的填料产生超重力场，将液体剪切破碎为细小的液膜、液丝或液滴，其较高的相界面积、不断更新的界面以及内部流体的强制湍动，加快了臭氧的传质与分解，该技术对于传质受限的臭氧高级氧化过程的强化有着突出的优势。本文简述了超重力强化臭氧氧化过程的原理，介绍了RPB与O₃、O₃/H₂O₂、O₃/Fenton、O₃/PS（过硫酸盐）、催化臭氧氧化等高级氧化法耦合应用处理有机废水的研究现状，并对超重力技术的优势及技术突破进行了述评，总结了超重力应用臭氧高级氧化技术的潜在经济效益和环境效益，提出功能化填料及大型RPB的开发需求，以期为超重力技术在废水处理领域的拓展应用提供理论基础和技术参考。