清代水师旗营的民间信仰建筑谱系——以福州琴江村为例

以清代水师旗营的民间信仰建筑为研究对象,以福州琴江村为例,首先考述其马江海战前后的建制沿革,分解为3个纲目依次论述建筑功能、建筑分布、及建筑尺度层级。并进一步结合营垒世俗化变迁历程,详细分析清代水师旗营的民间信仰建筑谱系的演化。     

标准化形式的理论谱系创建

本文对标准化形式的确定所面临的困惑进行了讨论,应用标准化的理性概念和标准化公理,推论和演绎出了20种标准化的理想形态,并对4个标准化公理进行分析,用两个标准化公理的4种关系和20种标准化理想形态,构建了标准化形态的理论谱系矩阵。应用标准化的理论形态对“简化”、“统一化”、“通用化”、“系列化”、“组合化”、“模块化”、“互换性”等原认为的标准化形态进行了理论验证,应用标准化形式的理论谱系对语言、文字、信息传输的标准化关系进行了解释。     

The number of single nucleotide polymorphisms and on-farm data required for whole-herd parentage testing in dairy cattle herds

New platforms utilizing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) offer operational advantages over the conventional microsatellite-based ones, making them a promising alternative for parentage exclusion. Through simulation and empirical data, a 40-SNP panel (where the minor allele frequency was 0.35 on average) was shown to be a comparable or better diagnostic tool than the current 14-microsatellite panel that is used to parentage test New Zealand dairy animals. The 40 SNP alone did not have sufficient power of exclusion to match more than 75% of the progeny to the correct sire and dam. Utilizing mating records and grouping progeny and dams by birth and calving dates, respectively, decreased the number of sire-dam combinations that each progeny was tested against and dramatically increased the utility of the SNP. These results highlight the importance of combining genotypes with on-farm data to maximize the ability to assign parentage in the New Zealand dairy herd.     

高速列车头型的谱系化预测与设计

目的 为强化我国高速列车各车型间的关联性，完善谱系化建设，提升产品识别度，加强品牌建设，补充新车型的外形预测方法，节约研发、制造和运维成本。方法 以日本新干线列车头型为研究对象，按照聚类统计法对运营至今出现的16种头型进行谱系梳理，基于综合造型分析划分四个头型谱系特征区域及各区域内谱系特征的控制变量;运用线性插值建立列车头型谱系特征多目标外形预测模型。结果 通过构建高速列车头型谱系特征预测与外形生成方法，形成“提取—预测—生成”一体化的高速列车头型谱系化设计的多目标预测方案生成系统。结论 协同性能与造型设计的方法为中国高速列车外形设计提供新思路，助力我国高速列车头型谱系化建设。     

Inbreeding depression for global and partial economic indexes, production, type, and functional traits

The objective of this research was to examine the effects of inbreeding in the population of Holstein cattle in the Walloon region of Belgium. The effects of inbreeding on the global economic index and its components were studied by using data from the genetic evaluations of February 2004 for production, somatic cell score (SCS), computed from somatic cell counts and type. Inbreeding coefficients for 956,516 animals were computed using a method that allows assigning an inbreeding coefficient to individuals without known parents. These coefficients were equal to the mean inbreeding coefficient of contemporary individuals with known parents. The significance of inbreeding effects on the different evaluated traits and on the different indexes were tested using a t-test comparing estimated standard errors and effects. The inbreeding effect was significantly different from zero for the vast majority of evaluated traits and for all of the indexes. Inbreeding had the greatest deleterious effects on production traits. Inbreeding decreased yield of milk, fat, and protein during a lactation by 19.68, 0.96, and 0.69 kg, respectively, per each 1% increase in inbreeding. The regression coefficient of SCS per 1% increase in inbreeding was +0.005 SCS units. The inbreeding depression was thus relatively low for SCS, but inbred animals had higher SCS than non-inbred animals, indicating that inbred animals would be slightly more sensitive to mastitis than non-inbred animals. Estimates of inbreeding effects on evaluated type traits per 1% increase were small. The most strongly affected type traits were chest width, rear leg, and overall development on a standardized scale. For several type traits, particularly traits linked to the udder, the estimates suggested a favorable effect of inbreeding. The global economic index was depressed by around 6.13 € of lifetime profit per 1% increase in inbreeding for the Holstein animals in the Walloon region of Belgium.     

Invited review: Unknown-parent groups and metafounders in single-step genomic BLUP

Single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) is a method for genomic prediction that integrates matrices of pedigree (A) and genomic (G) relationships into a single unified additive relationship matrix whose inverse is incorporated into a set of mixed model equations (MME) to compute genomic predictions. Pedigree information in dairy cattle is often incomplete. Missing pedigree potentially causes biases and inflation in genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) obtained with ssGBLUP. Three major issues are associated with missing pedigree in ssGBLUP, namely biased predictions by selection, missing inbreeding in pedigree relationships, and incompatibility between G and A in level and scale. These issues can be solved using a proper model for unknown-parent groups (UPG). The theory behind the use of UPG is well established for pedigree BLUP, but not for ssGBLUP. This study reviews the development of the UPG model in pedigree BLUP, the properties of UPG models in ssGBLUP, and the effect of UPG on genetic trends and genomic predictions. Similarities and differences between UPG and metafounder (MF) models, a generalized UPG model, are also reviewed. A UPG model (QP) derived using a transformation of the MME has a good convergence behavior. However, with insufficient data, the QP model may yield biased genetic trends and may underestimate UPG. The QP model can be altered by removing the genomic relationships linking GEBV and UPG effects from MME. This altered QP model exhibits less bias in genetic trends and less inflation in genomic predictions than the QP model, especially with large data sets. Recently, a new model, which encapsulates the UPG equations into the pedigree relationships for genotyped animals, was proposed in simulated purebred populations. The MF model is a comprehensive solution to the missing pedigree issue. This model can be a choice for multibreed or crossbred evaluations if the data set allows the estimation of a reasonable relationship matrix for MF. Missing pedigree influences genetic trends, but its effect on the predictability of genetic merit for genotyped animals should be negligible when many proven bulls are genotyped. The SNP effects can be back-solved using GEBV from older genotyped animals, and these predicted SNP effects can be used to calculate GEBV for young-genotyped animals with missing parents.     

东北地区铀矿床类型空间变化的地质内涵及对铀矿找矿问题的思考

简述了东北地区铀矿成矿区(带)的研究成果,并对比了辽宁高家沟、连山关、赛马,内蒙古广兴元、红山子、钱家店,河北沽源、干沟等铀矿床类型,深化了"铀成矿(亚)类型随着区域地质历史的演变而发生规律性变化"的地质内涵;从铀矿成矿谱系的角度出发,指出"铀元素在同一成矿区(带)内长期聚集"是区域铀成矿的根本要素。并认为大兴安岭多金属成矿带和燕辽铀成矿带一样,具有寻找铀矿的巨大潜力,只要开拓找矿思路,立足于攻深找盲,一定会取得铀矿找矿的新突破。     

济南市大气颗粒物来源解析样品的采集及处理技术

本文主要研究了济南市大气颗粒物来源解析中样品的采集及处理技术。通过对济南市大气颗粒物污染源的深入调查，确定排放源类的类别为土壤风沙尘、工业燃煤（油）飞灰、民用燃煤（油）飞灰、机动车尾气燃油飞灰、建筑水泥尘、钢铁尘、扬尘排放源类。根据各种排放源类的不同，须采取不同的采样方式和处理技术，确保样品的代表性和样品分析的最佳效果，同时对颗粒物污染源排放的季节性和季节稳定性作了特征分析。通过受体样品和源样品的粒度分散度测量及数据处理的结果得出尘粒在空气中的沉降和扩散情况，为空气中粗、细颗粒物的组成提供科学依据。为颗粒物来源解析的研究奠定了成功的基础。     

基于决策试验和评价实验法与解释结构模型的含有可达影响因子的网络谱系模型

为了解决当前通信网络建设各自为政、运行管理支撑不利等原因造成的网络管理效益难以发挥的问题,在分析网络承载关系和关联关系的基础上,提出了通信网络谱系及模型的概念。结合需求设计了基于决策试验和评价实验法与解释结构模型(DEMATEL&ISM)的可达影响因子算法,该算法充分考虑了系统的复杂程度,体现了定性问题用定量化分析的思想。最后将该算法应用于通信网络谱系模型分析,得到含有可达影响因子的网络层次关系,定量给出了网络之间的影响程度,验证了该算法的客观性和有效性。     

基于图数据库的在线族谱编录系统

针对目前国内族谱系统中数据共享度不高、扩展性不好、编录效率较低等问题,提出并实现了一种基于浏览器/服务器(B/S)架构和图数据库的在线族谱编录系统.首先,该系统采用B/S架构,支持多人在线协同录入,提高了数据录入效率;其次,系统使用数据库存储数据,便于集中管理和统计检索,提高了数据的共享程度;然后,考虑到族谱数据具有图的结构特性,在系统中采用图数据库进行管理,大大提高了数据处理效率;最后,使用真实族谱数据进行了系统的效率对比,验证了系统的有效性.在实验中,使用了约20万人的刘氏族谱数据,对关系数据库PostgreSQL和图数据库Neo4j管理数据进行了存储和查询的效率对比.实验结果表明,Neo4j比PostgreSQL节省约50%的存储空间,而在人物后代查询、人物祖先查询、人物亲缘关系查询以及人物后代性别统计4种常见查询中,使用Neo4j的平均响应时间约为基于PostgreSQL数据库的20%、80%、16%和15%.由此可知,基于图数据库的在线族谱编录系统可用于高效处理大量族谱数据,并且支持多用户在线协同编录.