Enhanced strains of Nb-doped BNKT-4ST piezoelectric ceramics via phase boundary and domain design

A strategy that constructs the morphotropic phase boundary and manipulates the domain structure has been used to design the component of 0.96[Bi_0.5(Na_0.84K_0.16)_0.5Ti_(1-x)Nb_xO₃]-0.04SrTiO₃ (BNKT-4ST-100xNb) to enhance the strain properties for actuator application. Non-equivalent Nb⁵⁺ donor doping modulates the phase transition from the mixture of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases to the pseudocubic phase and results in the coexistence of multiple phases. Moreover, the high-resolution TEM confirms the existence of polar nano regions that contribute to the macroscopic relaxor behaviour. The size of the domains is reduced with increasing Nb⁵⁺, resulting in an enhanced relaxor behaviour. The ferroelectric-relaxor transition temperature decreases from 85 to below 30 °C, implying a non-ergodic to ergodic relaxor transition. An improved strain of 0.56% and a giant normalized strain of 1120 pm/V were achieved for BNKT-4ST-1.5Nb, which were attributed to the unique domain structure in which nanodomains are embedded in an undistorted cubic matrix. Ferroelectric, antiferroelectric, and relaxor phases coexist. As the electric field is large enough, a reversible phase transition occurs. Furthermore, good temperature stability was obtained due to the stability of the nanodomains, and no degradation in strains was observed even after 10⁴ cycles, which may originate from the reversible phase transition and dynamic domain wall. The results show that this design strategy offers a reference way to improve the strain behaviour and that BNKT-4ST-100xNb ceramics could be a potential material for high-displacement actuator applications.     

碳羟基磷灰石/钾长石复合材料对镍的吸附性能研究

以钾长石为原料,用液相合成法制备碳羟基磷灰石/钾长石吸附剂（CHAK）去除水中的重金属镍,用静态吸附实验考察了CHAK添加量、溶液初始pH、吸附时间、镍初始浓度等因素对镍去除效果的影响,并结合动力学及热力学拟合探究吸附机理。结果表明：随着CHAK量的增加,对Ni ²⁺的去除率增加,但吸附量会降低;溶液pH=6时吸附效果达到最佳;吸附时间为10 h时吸附达到平衡;Ni ²⁺溶液的初始质量浓度为50~4 000 mg/L时,CHAK对Ni ²⁺的吸附量呈先增长后平稳趋势,饱和吸附量与原材料相比增大7.1倍。动力学及热力学拟合结果显示：准二级模型更符合描述该吸附行为。ΔH>0,表明该吸附过程为吸热反应,升温有利于吸附。ΔG<0,表明该反应能自发进行。     

常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变选育高核酸酿酒酵母

核糖核酸(RNA)是一类非常重要的生物分子,降解后得到的核苷酸、核苷及碱基具有广泛用途。酿酒酵母是目前生产RNA的主要食品级微生物。本研究采用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)技术进行酿酒酵母诱变育种,利用氯化钾敏感性筛选,多次反复诱变最终得到在以糖蜜为碳源的摇瓶试验中RNA含量为112 mg-RNA/g-DCW,提高了39%的突变菌株Y17aM3。经过对Y17aM3培养条件优化后,确定生产RNA最适接种量为10%,最适p H为5.5,最适温度为26℃,且传代稳定性良好。研究发现在最佳培养条件下,添加磷酸可使Y17aM3的RNA含量提高至119 mg-RNA/g-DCW;添加蛋白胨可使Y17aM3的RNA含量提高至122 mg-RNA/g-DCW。上述结果不仅证明ARTP诱变育种方法突变效果显著,可应用于工业微生物的选育,而且有助于降低基于核苷酸的食品添加剂的生产成本。     

气候因子对湘东茶陵烟区烤烟氯、钾含量的影响

为探究气候因子对湘东烟区烤烟氯、钾含量的影响，对茶陵县2012—2018年间烤烟氯、钾含量及其与主要气候因子之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明，湘东茶陵烟区烤烟大田期平均气温23.0℃，≥10℃活动积温2 909.5℃，降雨量865.6 mm，日照时数529.5 h，属于适宜种植优质烤烟地区。2012年至2018年钾含量均处于适宜范围内，部分年度中、下部烟叶氯含量偏低。相关分析表明，上部烟叶氯含量与上部叶采收期气温、≥10℃积温、≥20℃积温显著负相关；中部烟叶氯含量与伸根期≥20℃积温显著正相关，而钾含量与下部叶采收期和大田期≥10℃积温显著正相关；下部烟叶钾含量与伸根期气温和≥10℃积温显著正相关；氯、钾含量与降雨量均无显著相关。雨水淋溶可能是造成茶陵烟区烟叶氯离子含量偏低的主要原因，而提高伸根期土壤温度可提高烟叶钾、氯含量。     

非银汞试剂密闭消解-电位滴定检测废水中COD

建立了非银汞复合试剂+硫磷混酸+重铬酸钾+大体积密封瓶消解样品,进行电位滴定批量测定COD的方法。自制了消解/滴定一体瓶与相应的消解器,非银汞复合试剂加量0.5 g(由硫酸锰/硫酸铜/硫酸铝钾/硫酸铬钾(质量比)=3∶2∶1∶1),0.1 mol/L K2Cr2O7加量10 mL,体积比为3∶1的硫磷混酸15 mL,水样加量10 mL,(160±5)℃温度下密封消解20 min,消解液直接由黄金电极电位滴定。实验结果表明:50 mg/L水平的实际样品COD,RSD≤4.78%,与HJ 828—2017的结果相对误差≤5.80%,应用于石化废水和其他水质分析,效果满意。     

喷涂技术在烟草薄片生产中的应用研究

分析了烟草薄片原生产涂布系统的不足，对原涂布系统进行改造，新增涂布装置，将柠檬酸钾单独施加到烟草薄片上，研究了新喷涂技术对涂布液和烟草薄片质量的影响。结果表明，应用新喷涂技术时，涂布液的黏度降低了17.78%、含渣量降低了24.52%，涂布液渗透性提高；在未影响产品物理指标、化学指标、感官质量的基础上，烟草薄片中钾离子横幅分布均匀性提升了68.49%。     

Synergistic antimicrobial effect of lactocin AL705 and nisin combined with organic acid salts against Listeria innocua 7 in broth and a hard cheese

The effectiveness of antimicrobial mixtures against Listeria innocua 7, used as a L. monocytogenes surrogate, was investigated in broth and a food system. Synergistic effects were found for nisin (Nis), potassium sorbate (PS), calcium propionate (CP) and sodium lactate (SL), Nis + PS being the most effective binary mixture that exhibited listericidal activity in broth. To assess the effect of adding lactocin AL705 (AL705) to Nis + organic acid salt combinations, tridimensional isobolograms were generated. Sub-MIC combinations of the antimicrobials exerted bactericidal activity against L. innocua 7 after AL705 addition to the binary mixtures. However, when applied on Sardo cheese contaminated with L. innocua 7 (initial inoculum 4.45 ± 0.06 CFU g⁻¹), only Nis + PS + AL705 produced count reductions respect to the control, reaching 3.04 ± 0.35 CFU g⁻¹ counts after 15 days at 15 °C. Ternary combinations containing AL705 showed potential to reduce antimicrobial usages for L. innocua 7 inhibition.     

Investigation of surface-modified anhydrous borax utilisation in raw glazes

This study aims to determine the feasibility of preparing ceramic glaze using a surface-modified borate, which contributes boron to the composition without the need of a fritting process. In this context, surface modification of anhydrous borax powders (ABP) with magnesium stearate (MgSt) via dry powder coating is investigated. The surface modification of ABP with MgSt is optimised by employing modifier dosage of 0.5, 1, and 2?wt% and coating periods of 30, 60, and 120?min. The resulting powders are comparatively characterised via wettability, solubility, and dispersibility tests. The structural changes in surface-treated ABP are investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses. The results indicate that ABP surface could be switched from hydrophilic (17°) to hydrophobic (115°), its water solubility decreased from 40% to 10%, and a coating yield of approximately 74% was achieved with MgSt dosage of 1?wt% at a processing period of 2?h. Furthermore, FT-IR and XPS results indicated that MgSt is mainly coated over the surface of ABP via physical adsorption rather than chemical bonding. The glaze containing surface-treated ABP that was fired at 1050?°C, demonstrated complete melting and surface coverage without defects. Thus, effective dry coating as a single-step approach could be applied to obtain surface-modified ABP, which offers controlled solubility in glaze suspensions with improved dispersibility and excellent glaze coverage of the surfaces.     

低分子量聚丙烯酸钾的合成及其应用

采用水溶液聚合法制备了低分子量聚丙烯酸钾（PAAK），并作为新型消焰剂加入单基发射药中。通过火焰原子吸收光谱法测试了PAAK中钾的含量；用乌氏黏度计测定了特性黏度；采用DSC法研究不同pH值的PAAK与硝化棉（NC）的相容性；利用充氮氧弹法对添加PAAK、硝酸钾KNO₃、硫酸钾K₂SO₄的单基发射药的燃烧残渣进行了对比研究。结果表明，合成的PAAK中，钾的质量分数为15.21%，相对分子量在3 000左右，有利于和NC均匀混合，且在中性或微碱性（pH＝7.0~7.5）的情况与NC相容性良好。与传统的KNO₃、K₂SO₄消焰剂相比，PAAK能够和NC均匀混合，制备均质透明的单基发射药；PAAK发射药的燃烧残渣最少，占发射药质量的0.18%。