Development of mobile miniature natural gas liquefiers

With increasing consumption of natural gas (NG), small NG reservoirs, such as coalbed methane and oil field associated gas, have recently drawn significant attention. Owing to their special characteristics (e.g., scattered distribution and small output), small-scale NG liquefiers are highly required. Similarly, the mixed refrigerant cycle (MRC) is suitable for small-scale liquefaction systems due to its moderate complexity and power consumption. In consideration of the above, this paper reviews the development of mobile miniature NG liquefiers in Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry (TIPC), China. To effectively liquefy the scattered NG and overcome the drawbacks of existing technologies, three main improvements, i.e., low-pressure MRC process driven by oil-lubricated screw compressor, compact cold box with the new designed heat exchangers, and standardized equipment manufacturing and integrated process technology have been made. The development pattern of “rapid cluster application and flexible liquefaction center” has been eventually proposed. The small-scale NG liquefier developed by TIPC has reached a minimum liquefaction power consumption of about 0.35 kW·h/Nm³. It is suitable to exploit small remote gas reserves which can also be used in boil-off gas reliquefaction and distributed peak-shaving of pipe networks.     

An experimental investigation of refrigerant mixture R32/R290 as drop-in replacement for HFC410A in household air conditioners

In the present paper, the refrigerant mixture R32/R290 (68%/32% by weight) is investigated as the drop-in replacement for R410A in household air conditioners. The GWP of it is only 22% of that of R410A. Theoretical and experimental investigations are conducted on the performance of the air conditioners working with both R32/R290 and R410A. Experimental results show that the refrigerant charge amount of R32/R290 is reduced by 30.0%–35.0%; the cooling and heating capacities are increased by 14.0%–23.7%. For further reducing charge amount and flammability, the micro-channel heat exchanger (condenser) is employed to replace the finned tube one. Compared with the R32/R290 system using finned tube heat exchanger, the R32/R290 charge amount and the power consumption are reduced by 34.1% and 0.4%, respectively; the cooling capacity and the COP are increased by 6.4% and 6.8%, respectively.     

石墨烯纳米制冷剂核态池沸腾换热的实验研究

为分析单层石墨烯纳米片对核态池沸腾换热的影响机理，对基液为R141b、分散相为单层石墨烯纳米片的纳米制冷剂的核态池沸腾换热特征进行了测定，采用Hot Disk热物性分析仪和铂金板法分别测定了石墨烯纳米制冷剂的热导率和表面张力，采用接触角测量仪和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观测了沸腾后加热表面的润湿性和形貌特征。实验中，单层石墨烯纳米片的质量百分含量（ω）为0.02%~0.50%，实验压力为一个标准大气压，热流密度为20~200 kW/m2。实验结果表明：单层石墨烯纳米片的加入，使制冷剂R141b的核态池沸腾换热得到强化；当ω=0.2%时，换热系数提高比例出现峰值，为57.7%。伴随ω的增加，石墨烯纳米制冷剂的热导率增大、表面张力减小，沸腾表面润湿性增强且微腔数先增后减，综合作用的结果导致存在一个最佳的单层石墨烯纳米片浓度（即ω=0.2%）使换热系数最高。     

检验THERP合理性及不足的实验研究——以汽车冷媒加注工序为例

为了检验人的失误概率预测技术（technique of human error rate prediction，THERP）的合理性及不足，以汽车内饰冷媒加注工序为例，采用E-prime实验的方法分析了冷媒加注工序的人因失误概率。通过比较发现，汽车冷媒加注工序的4个任务的人因失误概率的实验结果与THERP的理论计算结果基本一致，说明了THERP方法的合理性。并说明了THERP的不足在于计算人因失误时忽略了操作行为中的认知过程。     

Control structure synthesis for operational optimization of mixed refrigerant processes for liquefied natural gas plant

The best control structures for the energy optimizing control of propane precooled mixed refrigerant (C₃MR) processes were examined. A first principles‐based rigorous dynamic model was developed to analyze the steady‐state and dynamic behaviors of the C₃MR process. The steady‐state optimality of the C₃MR process was then examined in a whole operation space for exploring the feasibility of the energy optimizing control for possible control structures. As a result, the temperature difference (TD) between the warm‐end inlet and outlet MR streams was exploited as a promising controlled variable to automatically keep the liquefaction process close to its optimum. The closed‐loop responses were finally evaluated for every possible control structure candidate. Based on the steady‐state optimality and the dynamic performance evaluation, several control structures with a TD loop were proposed to be most favorable for the energy optimizing control of the C₃MR process. The proposed optimality approach can be applied to any natural gas liquefaction process for determining a proper controlled variable for optimizing operation. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2428–2441, 2014     

从全球气候变暖角度评替代冷媒HCFC—123与HFC—134a的使用前景

蒙特利尔议定书《修正案》规定了ＨＣＦＣ类化学品从２００４年起分阶段削减产量，联合国气候变化框架公约《京都协议》要求限期削减温室气体排放总量，以此为背景探讨了替代冷媒对全球环境问题的影响机理；在比较了两个国际环境协定的管制方法和前提的基础上，分析了ＨＣＦＣ－１２３的环境影响，提出了对ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ优势的三点反思；对两者的前景发表了四点看法。     

共晶盐蓄冷球凝固过程的数值模拟研究

对共晶盐蓄冷球建立了物理和数学模型,利用FLUENT软件对其凝固过程进行了数值模拟研究,得到了温度场分布和相界面移动规律,分析了载冷剂温度和球径对凝固时间的影响。载冷剂温度越低,共晶盐蓄冷球的凝固时间越短,相界面移动速度越快;凝固时间与球径成正比。     

国内外自然工质研究现状与发展趋势

概述了在水、氨、碳氢化合物、二氧化碳等自然工质领域里的国内外研究现状和发展趋势，着重讨论了二氧化碳跨临界循环的系统特点和应用技术关键，并对自然工质的应用前景作了分析。     

近年来国内外制冷剂的研究状况

总结了汽车空调HFC-134a替代、在用离心式冷水机组CFC替代、HCFC-22的替代和中高温热泵工质开发四个领域内的研究工作及研究成果。     

高温工质冷凝换热试验台设计

系统介绍了高温工质冷凝换热试验台的设计方法。试验台由高温工质自然循环子系统、冷却水机械循环子系统和计算机监测控制子系统构成,试验段进出口温差及冷凝管进出口温度的测试、蒸汽锅炉充注量及液位控制、高温水箱自然作用水头的设计、冷却水流量计量水箱的设计等是试验台设计中值得重视的问题。根据误差分析结果,该试验台冷凝传热系数的相对误差为±7.19%,管内、管外的冷凝换热系数的相对误差分别为±4.95%和±8.73%。