The control of sea lice in Atlantic salmon by selective breeding

Sea lice threaten the welfare of farmed Atlantic salmon and the sustainability of fish farming across the world. Chemical treatments are the major method of control but drug resistance means that alternatives are urgently needed. Selective breeding can be a cheap and effective alternative. Here, we combine experimental trials and diagnostics to provide a practical protocol for quantifying resistance to sea lice. We then combined quantitative genetics with epidemiological modelling to make the first prediction of the response to selection, quantified in terms of reduced need for chemical treatments. We infected over 1400 young fish with Lepeophtheirus salmonis, the most important species in the Northern Hemisphere. Mechanisms of resistance were expressed early in infection. Consequently, the number of lice per fish and the ranking of families were very similar at 7 and 17 days post infection, providing a stable window for assessing susceptibility to infection. The heritability of lice numbers within this time window was moderately high at 0.3, confirming that selective breeding is viable. We combined an epidemiological model of sea lice infection and control on a salmon farm with genetic variation in susceptibility among individuals. We simulated 10 generations of selective breeding and examined the frequency of treatments needed to control infection. Our model predicted that substantially fewer chemical treatments are needed to control lice outbreaks in selected populations and chemical treatment could be unnecessary after 10 generations of selection. Selective breeding for sea lice resistance should reduce the impact of sea lice on fish health and thus substantially improve the sustainability of Atlantic salmon production.     

Reciprocal Relationships Between Collective Efficacy and Team Performance in Women's Ice Hockey.

This study examined reciprocal relationships between collective efficacy and team performance over a season of competition in women's intercollegiate ice hockey within weekends where the opponent was constant for 2 games. Collective efficacy beliefs within 12 teams were assessed prior to both games for at least 7 weekends. Team performance indexes produced an overall measure of performance for each game. The average influence of Saturday collective efficacy on Saturday performance was moderate and positive after controlling for Friday performance. The average influence of Friday performance on Saturday collective efficacy was small and positive after removing the influence of Friday collective efficacy from Friday performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

珠江口门海堤堤型的选择

珠江口站地区面临南海、大陆岸线长４５７ｋｍ，遭受洪水。潮汐、台风的影响，河口滩涂 发育迅速，以约１００ｍ／ａ的速度向大海延伸。随着沿海地区的经济发展，滨海－２ｍ高程以上的滩涂的４万ｈｍ＾２正在和将要建堤围垦和开发利用，原有海堤也亟待加固提高，因此，对珠江口门坝有海堤堤型资料进行收集、整理，分析总结，选择经济可行的海堤堤型，具有重要的现实意义。文中收集了珠江口门的几种主要堤型，通过对各种堤基工程地质     

单桩腿有限元分析

为保证桩腿在冬季冰区海域的安全使用,对桩腿结构进行冰载荷作用下的强度分析。应用ANSYS软件建立桩腿、地基、冰相互作用的仿真计算模型,实现桩腿的力学分析。对桩腿进行了强度校核,计算出冰载荷作用下桩腿的变形及其应力状态。计算结果表明,桩腿在此冰载荷作用下强度满足安全要求。     

Satellite SAR Remote Sensing of Great Lakes Ice Cover,Part 2. Ice Classification and Mapping

During the 1997 winter season, shipborne polarimetric backscatter measurements of Great Lakes (freshwater) ice types using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory C-band scatterometer, together with surface-based ice physical characterization measurements and environmental parameters, were acquired concurrently with Earth Resource Satellite 2 (ERS-2) and RADARSAT Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. This polarimetric data set, composed of over 20 variations of different ice types measured at incident angles from 0° to 60° for all polarizations, was processed to radar cross-section to establish a library of signatures (look-up table) for different ice types. The library is used in the computer classification of calibrated satellite SAR data. Computer analysis of ERS-2 and RADARSAT ScanSAR images of Great Lakes ice cover using a supervised classification technique indicates that different ice types in the ice cover can be identified and mapped, and that wind speed and direction can have an influence on the classification of water as ice based on single frequency, single polarization data. Once satellite SAR data are classified into ice types, the ice map provides important and necessary input for environmental protection and management, ice control and ice breaking operations, and ice forecasting and modeling efforts.     

东海盆地西南部地质特征与油气分布探讨

本文根据近3×10~4km地震和13口探井及其它地球物理、地质等方面资料,综合分析认为:东海盆地西南部与盆地其它部分在发育演化、构造运动、沉积环境等方面差异甚大。 盆地西南部(杭州湾—冲绳岛断裂以南地区)发育演化经历了断陷—坳陷—隆起—铺盖四个阶段。始新世末期的隆起在研究区演化史上有15～20Ma的沉积间断、剥蚀。这段历程,盆地其它部分未曾经历。其次是区内始新世末期抬升运动,致使始新统及以下老地层受剥蚀,仅始新统最大剥蚀量达1000m,这是盆地内绝无仅有的。第三是第三纪以海相沉积环境为主,特别在始新世,为海侵高潮,海城宽阔达8000km~2,这时盆地东北部正接受陆相沉积。研究区中部(北东向)可能存在超压泥岩及多套生油岩系,应为有利生油气区。研究区可能是盆地最有油气远景地区之一。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF STREAMBED HEAT TRANSFER

１．　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｔｒｅａｍｗａｔｅｒｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｉｓｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｆｏｒｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｏｆｒｉｖｅｒｉｃｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ［１］　．Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌｌｙ，ｔｈｅｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｎｄｆａｔｅｏｆｈｅａｔｉｎａｗａｔｅｒｂｏｄｙｈａｓｂｅｅｎｔｈｅｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｏｆｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｓｔｕｄｙｆｏｒｖａｒｉｏｕｓｒｅ…     

Application of Fuzzy Control into a New Kind of Sea Water Still

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Lipid damage in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after slaughtering and chilled storage

The flow ice system including ozone (OFI condition) was tested for slaughtering and storage (up to 16 days) of farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Lipid damage analyses were carried out and compared to sensory acceptance and instrumental colour changes. Comparison to individuals processed with the flow ice system in the absence of ozone (FI condition) was undertaken. Rainbow trout slaughtered and chilled under FI and OFI conditions showed a low lipid damage development, according to lipid oxidation and hydrolysis events and lipid composition (polyunsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids and endogenous antioxidants) changes. Additionally, both icing conditions led to largely good quality and shelf life times and to the absence of changes in colour properties. It is concluded that flow ice as such, or including the presence of ozone, can be considered as ideal strategy to be employed as slaughtering and storage system during the commercialisation of the actual farmed species. The ozone presence has shown some profitable effects as leading to an extended shelf life time by quality retention of several sensory parameters; in contrast, some negligible negative effects could be observed on the secondary and tertiary lipid oxidation development. However, the oxidation values reached by individuals kept under OFI conditions cannot be considered as particularly high.     

Recrystallization in Model Ice Cream Solutions as Affected by Stabilizer Concentration

Ice recrystallization rates in simple aqueous solutions comprising fructose and a hydrocolloid stabilizer were measured. The stabilizers were an enzyme-modified guar and a non-gelling high methoxy pectin. The stabilizer concentration dependence of the recrystallization rates for both materials was similar in that increasing the concentration resulted in decreasing rates until a point is reached where further addition had no additional effect. That recrystallization rates were reduced by both gelling and non-gelling stabilizers was strongly suggestive that gelation was not a requirement for recrystallization inhibition and another more specific mechanism applies, for example a weak interfacial effect such as adsorption or blocking. This behavior was also seen with locust bean gum and guar and provided further empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that stabilizers adsorb to ice crystal surfaces.