Effects of Agaricus bisporus on gel properties of chicken myofibrillar protein

The gel-forming ability of myofibrillar protein (MP) is highly correlated with the characteristics of emulsified meat products. Incorporation of Agaricus bisporus (Ab) powder into MP gels may enhance its gel properties to facilitate the development of a novel and safe meat product. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of Ab powder on gel strength, water holding capacity (WHC), texture, rheological behaviour, LF-NMR spin–spin relaxation (T₂), microstructure and protein secondary structure of the MP gel system. The results indicated that the gel strength, WHC, G' value and G" value were significantly improved when the addition of Ab powder increased from 0% to 6% (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the T₂ relaxation time was shortened, and free water was transformed into immobilised water. The texture of the gel was improved when 1%–4% Ab powder was added compared to the control. Furthermore, Ab filled in the gel network and promoted the unfolding of MP α-helix and the formation of MP β-sheet during the thermal denaturation of MP, leading to a dense aggregated network structure. The study suggested that Ab could be a promising ingredient in improving chicken MP's gel properties and developing fat-reduced meat products.     

Improving water retention of chicken breast meats by CaCl2 combined with pulsed electric fields

Frozen poultry meat is the most widely consumed animal-based food. However, water loss often leads to quality loss of poultry meat. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate the combined effect of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and pulsed electric fields (PEF) treatment on chicken breast meats and the mechanisms underlying protein degradation. The results showed that the synergistic effect was superior to the single treatment. Compared with the untreated group, the combination of CaCl₂ and PEF increased water holding capacity of chicken breast meats by 16.61% and decreased cooking loss by 28.93%. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) results indicated that the synergistic treatment promoted water molecules' binding capacity in myofibrils of poultry meat, which exhibited higher immobilised water. Additionally, the combination of CaCl₂ and PEF led to increased degradation of proteins of high-molecular weight and surface hydrophobicity of myofibrillar protein. Furthermore, the extension of the protein molecule and microenvironmental changes promoted interaction between protein and water. In conclusion, the synergistic treatment of CaCl₂ and PEF enhanced water retention and improved physicochemical properties of the myofibrillar protein in chicken breast meats.     

The assessment of commercial beef and chicken bouillons in terms of heterocyclic aromatic amines and some of their precursors

Herein, the assessment of commercial beef and chicken bouillons in terms of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) and some of their precursors was evaluated. Creatine and creatinine levels were ranged between 0.57–0.80 and 0.28–0.94 mg g⁻¹, respectively. Glutamic acid was found to be the most abundant amino acid in both bouillons. 2-amino-3,7,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-ƒ]quinoxaline (7,8-DiMeIQx, up to 0.03 ng g⁻¹) was the only quantified analyte in beef bouillons, whereas it (up to 0.08 ng g⁻¹) was determined in addition to 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-ƒ]quinoxaline (IQx, up to 0.08 ng g⁻¹) in chicken bouillons. Creatine, creatinine and free amino acid composition did not have the capacity to initiate the formation of HAAs. Therefore, bouillons do not pose risk in terms of HAAs. However, it should be noted that multiple factors, such as the substrate amount and production conditions, may affect the results. Glutamic acid content is remarkable in commercial bouillons sold in Turkey.     

Effect of thermal treatment on the antioxidant activity of egg white hydrolysate and the preparation of novel antioxidant peptides

Heat treatment will affect the nutritional properties and potential bioactivity of food materials. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different thermal treatment (4, 56, 65 and 100 ℃) and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the antioxidant activity of egg white hydrolysate. The results demonstrated that egg white hydrolysate treated at 65 ℃ exhibited the highest antioxidant. Remarkably, the simulated digestion significantly increased antioxidant activity of egg white hydrolysate. Furthermore, we identified twenty-four potential antioxidant peptides by performing mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analysis. Six peptides were selected based on the activity prediction score of the online tool. The results showed that P6 (ACPECPK) possessed the most outstanding antioxidant properties and had low cytotoxicity and allergenicity. Bioinformatics technology combined with biochemical assays may offer a way for discovering novel antioxidant peptides from different kinds of food under various heat treatment conditions.     

非热杀菌技术在低温鸡肉制品致病菌控制中的应用研究进展

由于低温鸡肉制品具有较好的感官品质，能够保留鸡肉原有的营养，成为我国肉制品发展的一个趋势。低温鸡肉制品水分含量和pH值较高，在加工和贮藏过程中极易受到食源性致病菌的污染，影响产品的质量安全，甚至引发食源性疾病，因此采用合适的杀菌技术来解决致病菌的污染是低温鸡肉制品贮藏保鲜需要解决的关键问题。由于热杀菌技术不适合用于低温鸡肉制品的灭菌，非热杀菌技术的应用就显得尤其重要。目前，应用在低温鸡肉制品加工中的非热杀菌技术主要包括超高压、辐照、超声、低温等离子体、脉冲紫外线、脉冲电场和脉冲微波。本文主要综述以上7 种非热杀菌技术的杀菌机制以及在不同低温鸡肉制品加工应用时对致病菌的控制效果，为未来非热杀菌技术在低温肉制品加工中的应用提供参考。     

Effect of marinating ingredients on temperature-induced denaturation of hemoglobin and its relation to red blood spot formation in cooked chicken breast

Red blood spot (RBS) commonly found in cooked chicken breast has caused severe economic loss as it is perceived as a sign of undercooked product. The objectives of this study were to investigate the cause of RBS as related to common ingredients used in marination, based on both chicken breast and isolated chicken hemoglobin (Hb) models. The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and glucose on thermal denaturation of Hb was investigated along with the extent of RBS formation in cooked marinated chicken breast. After vacuum tumbling for 65 min and subsequent storage at 4 °C for 20 hr, STPP and glucose were not absorbed into the center of chicken breast. However, Na⁺ was absorbed after 12 hr storage. The denaturation temperature (T_d) of isolated chicken Hb decreased to 65.8 °C in the presence of 1.5 M NaCl, while that of the control was 69.4 °C. STPP at pH 9 decreased T_d of Hb to 61.4 °C. The alkaline pH induced by STPP destabilized the Hb structure. RBSs were observed at 100% incidence when cooked to core temperatures of 50 and 70 °C for 1 min. RBSs were completely eliminated at core temperature of 85 °C. The ingredients used during marination appeared to have a minimal effect on RBS formation due to their limited absorption into the chicken breast. The cooking temperature is a major factor governing RBSs, as it directly affects the denaturation of Hb.     

不同二氧化碳比例气调对冷鲜鸡肉中荧光假单胞菌的抑制作用

为研究不同体积分数二氧化碳气调包装对冷鲜鸡保鲜效果的影响,以辐照灭菌后接种荧光假单胞菌为103 CFU/g左右的冷鲜鸡胸肉为原料,设置各组气调比例:M1组(V(CO_2)∶V(N_2)=0∶100)、M2组(V(CO_2)∶V(N_2)=20∶80)、M3组(V(CO_2)∶V(N_2)=40∶60)、M4组(V(CO_2)∶V(N_2)=60∶40),以托盘包装作为对照,在(4±1)℃贮藏条件下测定气调包装盒的凹陷程度、荧光假单胞菌总数、p H值、挥发性盐基氮和腐胺含量的变化。结果表明:荧光假单胞菌总数、挥发性盐基氮和腐胺含量随着贮藏时间延长而上升,随二氧化碳体积分数的升高而下降;凹陷程度随着贮藏时间的延长及二氧化碳体积分数的升高而升高,即M4组气调包装盒的凹陷程度显著高于其他3组(P0.05),影响产品的外观。M2组的气调包装盒的凹陷程度和腐胺含量与M3组无显著性差异(P0.05),在贮藏9~12 d之间,挥发性盐基氮含量也与M3组无显著差异(P0.05),能达到同样的保鲜效果。此外,同体积的二氧化碳的成本高于氮气。整体来看,在(4±1)℃贮藏条件下,20%~40%体积分数的二氧化碳气调包装能抑制冷鲜鸡胸肉中荧光假单胞菌的生长繁殖。     

双酶水解鸡骨泥的工艺优化

对鸡骨泥进行酶水解,经筛选确定中性蛋白酶和Flavourzyme复合风味酶的组合能有效酶解鸡骨泥。经正交试验分析,确定酶解的最佳工艺为:酶解温度50℃、pH值8.5、中性蛋白酶和Flavourzyme复合风味酶的添加量分别为0.75%和1.50%、底物浓度5%、水解时间2.5h。在该条件下酶解效率最高,水解度和氮收率分别为37.11%和92.50%,酶解产物澄清无苦味及腥味,且游离氨基酸含量显著增加。     

姜黄素对鸡皮明胶膜的性能及结构的影响

以新鲜鸡皮提取的明胶为成膜基材,添加具有抗氧化和抗菌作用的姜黄素,采用流延法制备不同浓度的姜黄素-鸡皮明胶膜,旨在研发出一种新型鸡皮明胶复合膜。本文研究了浓度为0.5%、1%、2%和3%的姜黄素对鸡皮明胶膜理化性质的影响,并用红外光谱和热稳定性表征了复合膜的相容性。最终表明:随着姜黄素浓度的增加,鸡皮明胶膜外观颜色逐渐变为黄色,阻隔性能呈现先下降后上升的趋势,抗拉强度与之相反,断裂伸长率和水溶性逐渐降低,抗氧化和抑菌性显著增强(p0.05);红外光谱中酰胺I带右移,发现姜黄素与鸡皮明胶之间有氢键作用,使鸡皮明胶膜从α-螺旋转变为稳定的三螺旋结构,热稳定分析表明了姜黄素的添加提高了鸡皮明胶膜的热稳定性;当姜黄素浓度为2%时复合膜的综合性能最佳。因此,姜黄素-鸡皮明胶复合膜的开发在食品包装和保鲜方面有潜在的应用价值。