火龙果真空冷冻干燥的模拟分析和实验研究

为了准确预测冷冻干燥时间，本文基于传热传质理论，利用COMSOL软件对厚度为12 mm、半径为4 cm的红心火龙果片进行建模，模拟升华干燥阶段火龙果内部水蒸气流动耦合热质传递、火龙果温度分布特性、升华界面位移以及冰升华过程，预测升华周期，并通过实验验证模型的可靠性。结果表明：模拟值与实测值相吻合且误差较小，火龙果中心点温度模拟值与实测值绝对误差为0.9℃,火龙果含水率模拟值与实测值相对误差为1.2%,脱水速率模拟值与实测值相对误差为6.63%。本模型可以准确模拟升华干燥过程热质传递动态变化。通过模拟对比不同厚度火龙果片升华周期，同时考虑到冻干制品质量和产量，12 mm为红心火龙果片冻干最佳厚度。     

Erhöhung der Energieeffizienz der Crossflow‐Filtration durch keramische Rohrmembranen einer neuen Generation

The effect of cross‐flow filtration of liquids relies on the continuous and controlled circulation of fluids in linear channels. The flow rate is of crucial importance to the economy of the process. TAMI Industries is investigating the use of so‐called additive processes to produce ceramic supports with geometric structures that cannot be produced using traditional technologies. In comparison to conventional geometries, it is possible to increase the permeate output without increasing the energy consumption or correspondingly reducing the energy consumption at the same permeate output.     

Impact of spinel forming systems (Fe-/Mg-/Mn-Al-O) as functional coating materials for carbon-bonded alumina filters on steel melt filtration

Since solid, non-metallic inclusions influence considerably the quality of casted steel products, carbon-bonded alumina foam filters are used in secondary metallurgical treatments to remove these particles from steel melts. In order to attain a significant improvement of the filtration process, five different carbonaceous spinel compounds from the Fe-/Mg-/Mn-Al-O systems are applied on carbon-bonded alumina filters in this study and investigated with regard of their filtration efficiency. However, these spinel compounds decompose partially during sintering at 1400?°C under reducing atmosphere, wherefore the resulting coatings contain not only spinel compounds, but also oxidic and metallic components. The subsequent interaction with molten steel leads to the development of multicrystal structures on the filter surface, which stem from interfacial reactions between coating materials, molten steel, and inclusions. As a result of this procedure, a reduction of almost 60% alumina inclusions is measured with the aid of an automatic SEM, whereby spinel compounds from the Fe-Mn-Al-O system achieve highest filtration efficiencies.     

钻井液纳米颗粒封堵性评价方法研究

目前没有针对纳米封堵剂封堵效果评价的方法。在室内进行评价时，实验结果往往会无法反映出纳米颗粒的封堵作用。在借鉴现有评价方法的基础上，通过对滤失介质的选择和改善，形成了渗透性滤失评价方法。该方法可操作性高，能反映出纳米颗粒的封堵效果，并通过对不同粒径的纳米颗粒封堵效果的评价对该方法进行了验证。该方法对于纳米颗粒的评价和在现场施工中的选择都有一定评价参考作用。      

Improvement of quantitative analysis of molybdenum element using PLS-based approaches for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in various pressure environments

An experimental setup has been designed and realized in order to optimize the characteristics of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system working in various pressure environments. An approach combined the normalization methods with the partial least squares(PLS) method are developed for quantitative analysis of molybdenum(Mo) element in the multi-component alloy,which is the first wall material in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak. In this study, the different spectral normalization methods(total spectral area normalization,background normalization, and reference line normalization) are investigated for reducing the uncertainty and improving the accuracy of spectral measurement. The results indicates that the approach of PLS based on inter-element interference is significantly better than the conventional PLS methods as well as the univariate linear methods in the various pressure for molybdenum element analysis.     

低度艾草酒研制

以全脂乳粉、脱脂乳粉、咖啡为主要原料，添加蔗糖，以安琪酵母8型菌为发酵剂，酸奶感官品质评分和酸奶黏度的综合评分为考察指标，采用正交试验方法对凝固型咖啡酸奶配方进行优化，得到最佳的发酵咖啡酸奶的工艺与配方。结果表明，在发酵温度为42 ℃条件下发酵6 h，脂肪含量3.4%，咖啡添加量1.0%，蔗糖添加量6%，8菌型发酵剂添加量0.1%，发酵后在4 ℃条件下冷藏24 h，获得的发酵酸奶的感官品质评分为89分，黏度为5 640 mPa·s，产品组织状态均匀，口感细腻，略带有咖啡香味，感官评价最佳。最佳发酵条件下的酸度为88 °T，pH值为4.24，乳酸菌活菌数为1.25×108 CFU/mL，符合GB 19302—2010对酸奶品质的规定。     

高过滤性能石墨烯复合纳米纤维膜的制备及性能

将石墨烯(GR)纳米颗粒掺杂到聚丙烯腈(PAN)纺丝溶液中,利用静电纺丝技术制备石墨烯/聚丙烯腈(GR/PAN)复合纳米纤维膜。研究PAN质量分数、GR用量、纺丝电压及接收距离对GR/PAN复合纳米纤维膜形貌和过滤性能的影响,发现最优纺丝工艺参数为PAN质量分数14.0%、GR用量1.5%、纺丝电压26 kV、接收距离14 cm、注射速度1 mL/h。此最优纺丝工艺参数制备的GR/PAN复合纳米纤维膜的过滤效率为98.86%,过滤阻力为110.30 Pa。     

超声强化真空干燥全蛋液的干燥特性与动力学模型

为研究超声对真空干燥黏稠食品物料的强化效应,搭建了一套真空超声干燥设备。以全蛋液为研究对象,进行超声强化真空干燥实验,探讨超声声能密度、超声作用时间、干燥温度对全蛋液干燥特性及微观结构的影响,并建立动力学模型。结果表明:超声波作用可强化物料内部传质过程,提高干燥速率,且超声强化效应随着声能密度的增大而增强。此外,超声处理时间不宜过长,当干燥温度为50℃,超声声能密度为2.0 W/g持续作用2.5 h之后,进一步延长超声作用时间对全蛋液干燥过程的强化效果不明显。扫描电子显微镜结果发现,超声处理会使物料组织间隙增大、连通性增强,同时形成更多的微细孔道,降低水分扩散阻力。对9种薄层干燥数学模型进行实验数据的非线性拟合分析,结果显示:Page模型的决定系数R2均大于0.99,均方根误差和残差平方和均小于0.01,拟合效果最好。因此,Page模型可用来描述全蛋液超声真空干燥过程中水分比的变化规律。以Fick扩散定律为依据,确定全蛋液干燥传热传质有效水分扩散系数(D_(eff))的变化范围为:1.645 6×10~(-9)~6.549 7×10~(-9) m~2/s,且随着温度及超声声能密度的增大而增大。由Arrhenius方程建立有效水分扩散系数与温度的关系,得到全蛋液水分活化能(E_a)为16.151 2 k J/mol。实验结果可为全蛋液真空超声干燥工艺参数优化及生产控制提供理论依据。