Self-Adaptive Control System for Additive Manufacturing Using Double Electrode Micro Plasma Arc Welding

Wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)has been investigated to deposit large-scale metal parts due to its high deposition efficiency and low material cost.However,in the process of automatically manufacturing the high-quality metal parts by WAAM,several problems about the heat build-up,the deposit-path optimization,and the stability of the process parameters need to be well addressed.To overcome these issues,a new WAAM method based on the double electrode micro plasma arc welding(DE-MPAW)was designed.The circuit principles of different metal-transfer models in the DE-MPAW deposition process were analyzed theoretically.The effects between the parameters,wire feed rate and torch stand-off distance,in the process of WAAM were investigated experimentally.In addition,a real-time DE-MPAW control system was developed to optimize and stabilize the deposition process by self-adaptively changing the wire feed rate and torch stand-off distance.Finally,a series of tests were performed to evaluate the con-trol system's performance.The results show that the capability against interferences in the process of WAAM has been enhanced by this self-adaptive adjustment system.Further,the deposition paths about the metal part's layer heights in WAAM are simplified.Finally,the appearance of the WAAM-deposited metal layers is also improved with the use of the control system.     

Localized corrosion of (lean) duplex stainless steels in immersion units of urban wastewater treatment plants

With lower alloying cost and higher mechanical properties, lean duplex stainless steels can be an alternative to the more commonly used austenitic stainless steels. However, these alloys are still not the preferred choice, probably due to a lack of field experience. A study was thus initiated in view of defining the limits of use of selected (lean) duplexes for urban wastewater treatment units. The present paper shows the localized corrosion performance of selected lean duplexes in chloride contaminated solutions. The results are compared with austenitic S30403 and S31603 and with the more standard duplexes S82441 and S32205. The effect of welding was also investigated. Exposures in field municipal wastewater plants were conducted for 1 year in low and high chloride content units. The results show that lean duplexes S32101 and S32202 can be used as alternatives to S30403 and S31603 in low chloride electrolytes. At 500 ppm of chloride content, duplex stainless steel S32304 showed better corrosion resistance than S30403 and S31603. For higher chloride contents (1000 ppm and above) the standard duplexes S82441 and S32205 shall be preferred.     

复杂环境下氧化铝储槽定向爆破拆除

在较为复杂的环境下,爆破拆除钢筋混凝土氧化铝储槽。该储槽自重大、呈圆形,内有4根立柱支撑下料漏斗。为使储槽顺利定向倒塌,通过爆破方案选择、参数确定,采取梯形切口和预处理以及安全防护和减振措施,使储槽爆破拆除获圆满成功。     

Non-keyhole Friction Stir Welding for 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy

A novel non-keyhole friction stir welding technique was proposed to weld the butt joint of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy with the thickness of 6 mm. A sound joint was obtained by this technique, simultaneously eliminating the flash, shoulder mark and keyhole defects. The sleeve directly affected zone (SDAZ) and the sleeve indirectly affected zone (SIAZ) were divided into the joint according to the plunging position of the hollow sleeve. The lack of root penetration defect was avoided when the plunging depth of the hollow sleeve was only 4.2 mm, because the hollow part inside the sleeve improved the material flow below the sleeve. An S-shaped line was left at the SIAZ, and the height of it had the minimum value of 1.47 mm at 20 mm/min. Whether the failure location of the joint was in SIAZ/SDAZ or the heat-affected zone (HAZ) depended on the height and bonding strength of the S-shaped line. The joint fracture location changed from the SIAZ/SDAZ at 35 mm/min to the HAZ at 20 and 30 mm/min. The maximum tensile strength of 224.3 MPa was obtained at 30 mm/min which was 73.7% of that of the base material. The fracture surface morphology exhibited the typical ductile fracture.     

脉冲激光与电弧布置方式对铝合金焊接熔滴过渡与焊缝形貌的影响

以2219铝合金为基板，研究了不同脉冲激光-电弧布置方式下的熔滴过渡与焊缝形貌特征，分析了熔深增加的机理. 结果表明，当脉冲激光照射母材时，脉冲激光主要提供对母材的热输入，母材温度的增加有助于促进熔滴铺展，稳定熔滴过渡过程；当脉冲激光照射熔滴缩颈时，主要提供对熔滴的力输入，蒸发反力的作用下形成"一脉一滴"，显著提高熔滴过渡频率与熔滴飞行速度，增加了熔滴对熔池的冲击力，熔深增加；当脉冲激光交替的照射熔池和熔滴时，一方面能够对母材进行加热，有助于熔滴的铺展，另一方面能够提高熔滴过渡频率，提高焊缝的均匀性.     

超厚板TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头应力腐蚀敏感性

针对100 mm超厚板TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头，采用慢应变速率拉伸方法评价接头在人造海水中的应力腐蚀敏感性，分析接头的显微组织和断口形貌，对接头的腐蚀机制进行研究. 结果表明，室温条件下应变速率为ε=1×10-6 s-1时，母材在海水中未表现出应力腐蚀敏感性；焊缝上部、中部和下部具有轻微应力腐蚀敏感性. 焊缝在海水中发生阳极溶解，产生氢吸附，导致裂纹的萌生. 同时氢扩散诱导α'相界及α'相内发生位错塞积，进而使裂纹在更低的应力水平下发生扩展.     

基于同轴图像传感的激光焊接过程质量监测技术

针对激光焊接过程中由于参数不匹配、装配误差等原因造成的焊接过程不稳定等焊接缺陷，基于同轴图像传感技术，建立起一套激光焊接过程中的质量在线监测系统，对焊接过程中的熔池图像进行了采集分析及其熔池特征信息的提取. 结果表明，在激光功率为1 500 W的不等厚不锈钢薄板激光焊接试验条件下，焊接过程中的不稳定、下塌缺陷以及焊偏现象与熔池形状各特征信息变化具有一定的相关性. 结合BP神经网络算法对所提特征信息进行分类、识别，基于LabVIEW软件平台，可实现相应缺陷的自动化识别及报警功能.     

Q700D热影响粗晶区疲劳寿命与小裂纹扩展分析

摘要：为提高焊接构件的动载疲劳寿命，以热模拟为试验手段，对Q700D高强钢进行了焊接热模拟，研究了粗晶热影响区的疲劳寿命、小裂纹扩展行为以及组织软化特征。利用Paris方程和轴向拉伸疲劳试验数据，建立了ΔKth值与模拟粗晶区疲劳寿命的对应关系，利用ΔKth值实现了快速预估粗晶区疲劳寿命。研究表明：相同应力幅值下的lgN值与ΔKth值存在一定的线性拟合关系，即ΔKth值越大，则疲劳寿命N越长。小裂纹扩展微观机理在于所形成的大角度晶界（不小于15°）对小裂纹尖端的止裂性较强，可迫使小裂纹尖端转向耗能。CGHAZ的软化与第二相粒子回熔与粗化有关，粗化的第二相粒子易萌生小裂纹，可通过提高大角度晶界抑制裂纹扩展。