玉米赤霉烯酮一步ELISA法的建立及应用

为了建立一种快速、准确的检测饲料及其原料中玉米赤霉烯酮的酶联免疫一步法。在制备玉米赤酶烯酮半抗原、免疫原及单克隆抗体的基础上,运用方阵法确定包被抗原、抗体的浓度,筛选稳定的ELISA检测体系,并在此基础上考察了抗体的特异性。建立了检测饲料及其原料中玉米赤霉烯酮的方法,猪饲料、牛饲料、玉米渣和麦麸的检测限分别为96.2、92.7、80.5和86.7μg/kg。在饲料及原料中定量添加玉米赤霉烯酮,酶联免疫的回收率为79.4%~104.9%,开发的酶联免疫试剂盒与德国拜发试剂盒对实际样本进行检测,两种试剂盒对样本阴阳性判定一致。本研究为饲料及其原料中玉米赤酶烯酮的监管提供了技术支撑。      

玉米赤霉烯酮多克隆抗体的制备及特性分析

合成玉米赤霉烯酮半抗原,应用液相色谱-质谱联用法进行鉴定,并采用活泼酯法将半抗原与载体蛋白OVA或BSA偶联,分别作为免疫原或包被原,并通过SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和紫外扫描法鉴定偶联效果,免疫3只BALB/c小鼠,制备玉米赤霉烯酮多克隆抗体。结果表明:抗血清效价最高达1∶32 000,以此多抗建立的玉米赤霉烯酮间接竞争标准曲线IC50为39.8ng/mL,IC10为0.71ng/mL,多抗与玉米赤霉烯酮类似物β-zearalenol、zear-alanone、α-zearalanol、β-zearalanol交叉反应率分别为4.80%,3.07%,0.96%,0.09%。说明试验成功制备了玉米赤霉烯酮人工抗原及高特异性多克隆抗体。     

利用噬菌体肽库淘选玉米赤霉烯酮的模拟表位

目的:利用噬菌体肽库淘选玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)模拟表位。方法:以抗ZEN单克隆抗体为配体,利用噬菌体七肽库淘选ZEN的模拟表位,采用了逐轮减少抗体包被浓度,交换使用封阻液中蛋白质种类的方法,经三轮淘选后,随机挑取20个克隆测序并以ELISA方法及竞争ELISA实验,以确定阳性克隆。结果:获得10种序列,ELISA显示其中两种序列为阳性克隆,抑制率达90%以上,其氨基酸序列分别为DAVILLM,HHCHWWH。结论:噬菌体展示技术可淘选到ZEN的模拟表位,淘选到的噬菌体粒子可作为毒素的替代品建立免疫学检测方法。     

3株降解玉米赤霉烯酮芽孢杆菌的快速鉴定

为了快速确定筛选的3株降解玉米赤霉烯酮的芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp. YW、Bacillus sp. CP、Bacillus sp. GJ)的分类地位,利用形态学、生理生化特性、保守持家基因的进化分析及特异性PCR对菌株进行鉴定。3株芽孢杆菌的形态特征及生理生化特性非常相似,均产芽孢;结合16S rDNA序列分析、gyrA基因的系统发育树及特异引物PCR结果显示,菌株YW和CP属于贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),菌株GJ属于解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。本研究表明保守持家基因序列分析及特异性PCR,能够快速、灵敏地对芽孢杆菌近缘物种进行分子鉴定,为功能性微生物菌株的快速筛选鉴定提供参考。     

Recent advances on the use of adsorbent materials for detoxification of Fusarium mycotoxins

The extensive use of adsorbents in the livestock industry has led to the introduction of a wide range of new products on the market, most of them claiming high in vitro mycotoxin adsorption capacity. However, adsorbents that may appear effective in vitro do not necessarily retain their efficacy when tested in vivo. Studies performed in our laboratory during the past few years aiming to evaluate the efficacy of various adsorbent materials in binding Fusarium mycotoxins are reported. Adsorption experiments were performed in in vitro screening tests for Fusarium mycotoxins at different pHs; by in vivo tests using the increase of the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio in rat urine and tissues as a biomarker of fumonisin exposure; and by a dynamic, computer-controlled, gastrointestinal model simulating the gastrointestinal tract of healthy pigs. Most of the commercially available mycotoxin-binders failed in sequestering in vitro Fusarium mycotoxins. Only for a small number of adsorbent materials was the ability to bind more than one mycotoxin demonstrated. Cholestyramine was proven to be an effective binder for fumonisins and zearalenone in vitro, which was confirmed for zearalenone in experiments using a dynamic gastrointestinal model and for fumonisins in in vivo experiments. No adsorbent materials, with the exception of activated carbon, showed relevant ability in binding deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. The in vitro efficacy of activated carbon toward fumonisins was not confirmed in vivo by the biomarker assay. The dynamic gastrointestinal model was a reliable tool to study the effectiveness of adsorbent materials in reducing the bioaccessibility of Fusarium mycotoxins, as an alternative to the more difficult and time-consuming studies with domestic livestock.     

A Review on Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Malaysia Case Study

Fungi are distributed worldwide and can be found in various foods and feedstuffs from almost every part of the world. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some fungal species and may impose food safety risks to human health. Among all mycotoxins, aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol (DON and T‐2 toxin), zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisins (FMN) have received much attention due to high frequency and severe health effects in humans and animals. Malaysia has heavy rainfall throughout the year, high temperatures (28 to 31 °C), and high relative humidity (70% to 80% during wet seasons). Stored crops under such conditions can easily be contaminated by mycotoxin‐producing fungi. The most important mycotoxins in Malaysian foods are AFs, OTA, DON, ZEN, and FMN that can be found in peanuts, cereal grains, cocoa beans, and spices. AFs have been reported to occur in several cereal grains, feeds, nuts, and nut products consumed in Malaysia. Spices, oilseeds, milk, eggs, and herbal medicines have been reported to be contaminated with AFs (lower than the Malaysian acceptable level of 35 ng/g for total AFs). OTA, a possible human carcinogen, was reported in cereal grains, nuts, and spices in Malaysian market. ZEN was detected in Malaysian rice, oat, barley, maize meal, and wheat at different levels. DON contamination, although at low levels, was reported in rice, maize, barley, oat, wheat, and wheat‐based products in Malaysia. FMN was reported in feed and some cereal grains consumed in Malaysia. Since some food commodities are more susceptible than others to fungal growth and mycotoxin contamination, more stringent prevention and control methods are required.     

Mycotoxins in breakfast cereals from the Canadian retail market: A 3-year survey

One hundred and fifty-six samples of breakfast cereals were collected from the Canadian retail marketplace over a 3-year period. The samples were analysed for the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, HT-2 toxin, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, and fumonisins B₁ and B₂ to contribute to dietary exposure estimates in support of the development of Canadian guidelines for selected mycotoxins in foods. The samples included corn-, oat-, wheat- and rice-based cereals, as well as mixed-grain cereals, and were primarily from North American processors. Overall, deoxynivalenol was the most frequently detected mycotoxin  — it was detected in over 40% of all samples analysed. Fumonisins and ochratoxin A were each detected in over 30% of all samples. Zearalenone was detected in over 20% of all samples. Nivalenol and HT-2 toxin were each detected in only one sample. The survey clearly demonstrated regular occurrence of low levels of multiple mycotoxins in breakfast cereals on the Canadian market.     

Fate of the fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone, during extrusion of wholemeal wheat grain

In the European Union, deoxynivalenol in cereals and cereal products is controlled by recent legislation with the objective of minimizing consumer exposure to this mycotoxin. Relatively few studies have examined the loss of Fusarium mycotoxins during processing and whether this is accurately reflected by the processing factors. The behaviour of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone during extrusion of naturally contaminated wholemeal wheat flour has been examined using pilot-scale equipment. Factors examined were temperature and moisture content. Concentrations of the three mycotoxins were little changed by extrusion although the amount of deoxynivalenol decreased at the lowest moisture content. However, this effect did not appear to be temperature-dependent, suggesting that the apparent loss is either due to binding or inability to extract the residue. Under some conditions, concentrations of the mycotoxins, particularly nivalenol, were higher after extrusion.     

酰肼介导的抗体定向偶联策略提高免疫层析试纸条检测性能

以酰肼功能团修饰的胶体金作为试纸条的标记材料,利用酰肼基团可特异性地与抗体Fc片段醛基发生亲核加成反应的特性,实现抗体在胶体金纳米粒子（gold nanoparticles,AuNPs）表面的定向偶联。对比于碳二亚胺介导的共价偶联法,酰肼功能团介导的定向偶联需要更少的抗体标记量,更短的偶联时间,酰肼化胶体金免疫层析试纸条（hydrazided gold nanoparticles-based immunochromatographic assay,hAuNPs-ICA）检测玉米赤霉烯酮（zearalenone,ZEN）展示出更好的检测灵敏度;将hAuNPs-ICA检测ZEN加标的玉米样品,结果显示加标回收率介于83.1%～118.0%,批内、批间变异系数为3.9%～13.1%,表明hAuNPs-ICA具有较好的精密度和准确性。     

玉米赤霉烯酮样品前处理与快速检测技术 研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮是一种毒性极强的小分子,具有弱雌激素活性,其性质相对稳定,缺乏特效解毒剂。其检测方法主要有生物检测法、理化检测法和免疫学检测法,其中免疫检测法因快速、简便、灵敏而得到较为广泛的应用。本文综述了玉米赤霉烯酮的样品前处理技术、免疫学快速检测技术及相关专利的研究进展情况,并对玉米赤霉烯酮的样品前处理技术及其检测产品的开发进行了展望。