Design response to rising sea levels in the Maldives: A study into aquatic architecture

Climate change and rising sea levels present immediate threats to humanity. However, the global catastrophe fails to generate sufficient action. Subject to total submergence within 80 years, this study undertakes an iterative design process seeking sustainable adaptation strategies for the coastal island nation of the Maldives, specifically, Malé, its capital, which exists under a “state of alert” by order of government. Research methods include literature reviews, site analysis, mapping, and iterative design processes to develop an implementation framework strategy. Infrastructure concepts are presented as speculative images with context-specific spatial relationships and functions. Concepts do not intend to represent a conclusive prototype, rather, an ideation—a solution-based discourse among key audiences highlighting the need to act decisively and adaptively.     

Threshold stress intensity factor for hydrogen-assisted cracking of CR-MO steel used as stationary storage buffer of a hydrogen refueling station

In order to determine appropriate value for threshold stress intensity factor for hydrogen-assisted cracking (K_IH), constant-displacement and rising-load tests were conducted in high-pressure hydrogen gas for JIS-SCM435 low alloy steel (Cr-Mo steel) used as stationary storage buffer of a hydrogen refuelling station with 0.2% proof strength and ultimate tensile strength equal to 772 MPa and 948 MPa respectively. Thresholds for crack arrest under constant displacement and for crack initiation under rising load were identified. The crack arrest threshold under constant displacement was 44.3 MPa m^1/2 to 44.5 MPa m^1/2 when small-scale yielding and plane-strain criteria were satisfied and the crack initiation threshold under rising load was 33.1 MPa m^1/2 to 41.1 MPa m^1/2 in 115 MPa hydrogen gas. The crack arrest threshold was roughly equivalent to the crack initiation threshold although the crack initiation threshold showed slightly more conservative values. It was considered that both test methods could be suitable to determine appropriate value for K_IH for this material.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of a free rising droplet

A toluene droplet rising in a continuous aqueous phase is studied both experimentally and numerically. The experiments have been performed in a small scale, high-speed measuring unit with a high magnification device to image the process in all details. Numerical simulations are performed with the aid of the level set method implemented in the commercial CFD tool COMSOL Multiphysics 3.3a by COMSOL AB. A new technique for quantitative comparison of experimental and numerical results with respect to the droplet shape is presented. Both terminal velocity and droplet shape in experiments and simulations are found to be in excellent agreement. Based on the experimental and numerical data obtained, an improvement of an existing terminal velocity correlation is suggested. The adjusted correlation can be used for the design and optimisation of liquid-liquid extraction units.     

Downscaling of the flood discharge in a probabilistic framework

Many modeled and observed data are in coarse resolution, which are required to be downscaled. This study develops a probabilistic method to downscale 3-hourly runoff to hourly resolution. Hourly data recorded at the Poldokhtar Stream gauge (Karkheh River basin, Iran) during flood events (2009–2019) are divided into two groups including calibration and validation. Statistical tests including Chi-Square and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test indicate that the Burr distribution is proper distribution functions for rising and falling limbs of the floods’ hydrograph in calibration (2009–2013). A conditional ascending/descending random sampling from the constructed distributions on rising/falling limb is applied to produce hourly runoff. The hourly-downscaled runoff is rescaled based on observation to adjust mean three-hourly data. To evaluate the efficiency of the developed method, statistical measures including root mean square error, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and correlation are used to assess the performance of the downscaling method not only in calibration but also in validation (2014–2019). Results show that the hourly downscaled runoff is in close agreement with observations in both calibration and validation periods. In addition, cumulative distribution functions of the downscaled runoff closely follow the observed ones in rising and falling limb in two periods. Although the performance of many statistical downscaling methods decreases in extreme values, the developed model performs well at different quantiles (less and more frequent values). This developed method that can properly downscale other hydroclimatological variables at any time and location is useful to provide high-resolution inputs to drive other models. Furthermore, high-resolution data are required for valid and reliable analysis, risk assessment, and management plans.     

万家寨水利枢纽工程混凝土施工温度控制

万家寨水利枢纽工程地处干旱、半干旱的黄土高原丘陵区，夏季炎热，冬季严寒，且温度较大，给混凝土施工温度控制带来很大难度。文章较详细地介绍了本工程混凝土施工温度控制的技术措施、施工措施以及温控效果。     

木棉散纤维静态热性能测试分析

探讨木棉纤维的静态热性能。以压缩木棉、未压缩木棉和90%灰鸭绒为原料,测试了它们的升温和降温特点,并研究了各原料集合体体积质量对其保暖性的影响。研究结果表明,升温速率和降温速率由低到高依次均为羽绒、未压缩木棉、压缩木棉;木棉纤维集合体的体积质量对集合体保暖性有重要影响。认为:木棉纤维经过挤压后,其保暖性会有所下降;在有限空间内,通过控制木棉集合体体积质量维持其中较多的静止空气,可以提高纤维制品的保暖性。     

Treatment of rising damp in historical buildings: wall base ventilation

Intervention in older buildings increasingly requires extensive and objective knowledge of what one will be working with. The multifaceted aspect of work carried out on buildings tends to encompass a growing number of specialities, with marked emphasis on learning the causes of many of the problems that affect these buildings and the possible treatments that can solve them. Moisture transfer in walls of old buildings, which are in direct contact with the ground, leads to a migration of soluble salts responsible for many building pathologies.     

热镀钢丝膜层的冷凝计算

分析了热镀钢丝自液池引出过程中的热传导，得出了温度分布的解析解，从而计算钢丝表面膜层达到凝固温度时的提抽高度，为结构设计及确定冷却装置的合理位置提供依据。     

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库车坳陷形成于中新生代，具有克拉通边缘和造山带前缘双重结构。结构上貌似通用的前陆盆地，但二者具有本质的区别，称之为坳陷可能更加科学并符合实际。目前它仍是塔里木盆地的组成部分。库车坳陷具备大气田形成的基本条件，白垩系砂岩和第三系膏盐岩构成的油气系统是库车坳陷主要富气系统。储层、盖层分布范围，成熟烃源岩展布范围以及油气运移边界共同限定了油气系统的展布范围。根据其成藏特征，将该系统北部的逆冲推覆是为白垩系异常高压区，油气以垂向运移为特征；南部的前缘隆起带划分为白垩系正常压力区，油气以侧向运移为主。克拉2气藏为典型的异常高压干气藏，高压的成因与气藏的抬升和构造挤压有关，干气是烃源岩高成熟演化阶段的产物。