Learning about distillation curves as a way to define a process stream from crude petroleum

The advanced courses of Separation Processes use to include some reference to the different types of distillation curves, such as the True Boiling Point (TBP) curves, in order to characterize crude petroleum or its derivatives. The concept of pseudocomponents as well as the way to extract them from a TBP curve can be easily understood by reading classical bibliographic references. Chemical process simulation software packages serve as a useful tool that, once the desired number of pseudocomponents to be considered has been specified, automatically generate them. Nevertheless, the lack of correspondence between cuts of a TBP curve and zones with slight temperature changes makes difficult to identify pseudocomponents and to decide on the adequate number of pseudocomponents to be defined. In this work, a very simple exercise is proposed to introduce the idea of TBP distillation curves in the classroom and to explore their characteristics through the analysis of the influence of the number of extracted pseudocomponents.     

TBP/煤油热解焚烧装置的改进及冷试验证

国内低放废液磷酸三丁酯/煤油(TBP/煤油)热解焚烧处理设施的主要核心设备——热解炉是从国外某公司引进的,在工程系统冷调试过程发生了热解炉的搅拌桨卡死和高温气体过滤器严重堵塞的情况,导致系统不能稳定运行。经对热解炉检查,发现国外引进热解炉存在设计和制造缺陷,不能满足系统稳定运行。通过系统分析研究,国内自主设计一套磁力驱动搅拌桨转动装置和烧结金属高温气体过滤器,在后续调试过程中取得了比国外某公司原设计更好的运行效果,使得我国TBP-煤油热解处理设施顺利调试成功。     

Co-Extraction of U(VI) and HNO3 Using TBP and its Higher Homologues TiAP and TEHP: Comparison of Equilibria,Kinetics, and Rate of Extraction

In this work, bulk-liquid membrane (BLM) system is used to compare tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), tri-isoamyl phosphate (TiAP), and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) for their relative ability to co-extract U(VI) and nitric acid from aqueous nitric acid feed-phase into water strip-phase, through hydrocarbon membrane-phase. The kinetics of extraction is modelled and the model is validated through experiments. The quantity which determines the efficiency of liquid emulsion membrane (LEM) process is the relative rate of extraction of U(VI) to nitric acid. This is in the order TiAP>TEHP>TBP, indicating that TiAP is most suitable for extraction of U(VI) from nitric acid using LEM.     

Magnetic Properties of Uranium Carbides after Neutron Irradiation

Fundamental investigations on valence control and solvent extraction of americium were carried out to develop a method for americium separation from reprocessing solution. In order to adjust americium valency from III to IV and VI, (NH₄)₁₀P₂W ₁₇O₆₁ synthesized was used as complexant stabilizing Am(IV). Oxidation behavior of americium was investigated as a function of (NH₄)₁₀P₂W ₁₇O₆₁ americium ratio. Using 0.1M (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ and 0.01M AgNO₃ as oxidation reagent, Am(IV) was obtained quantitatively at the ratio of 15. On decreasing the ratio to 0.6, 92% of americium was adjusted to Am(VI). The concentration of (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ could be reduced to 1/15 compared to the previously reported method in which no complexant was used. Americium(IV) was also prepared by reacting O₃ and AgNO₃ but no Am(VI) was obtained even at low (NH₄)₁₀P₂W ₁₇O₆₁ to americium ratio.

Americium(VI) could be extracted by tri-n-butyl phosphate stably without influence of (NH₄)₁₀P₂W ₁₇O₆₁. The distribution coefficient of Am(VI) was 4 between 100% tri-n-butyl phosphate and 1 M nitric acid, and separation factor from Nd(III) was 50.

With regard to the americium separation method which implemented valence control followed by extraction, adding (NH₄)₁₀P₂W ₁₇O₆₁ led to minimization of waste volume and improvement of extraction efficiency.     

从冶锌工业废渣中提取镓和铟

以P204和TBP作萃取剂,建立了从冶锌废渣中同时提取镓和铟的新工艺。在大于1mol/L酸度条件下,用P204-煤油作萃取剂实现了镓和铟萃取分离。经三级萃取后,铟的提取率达到99%以上,镓的萃取率小于1%。在大于4mol/L酸度条件下,用TBP-煤油作萃取剂可使镓的提取率接近100%,TBP有机相用1.5mol/L氯化铵溶液反萃,镓的反萃率可达99%以上。该提取工艺操作简单,可实现同时提取工业废渣中的镓和铟。     

高铼酸的制备研究

以高铼酸铵为原料,分别采用50%TBP+50%260#溶剂油萃取法和C160树脂离子交换—真空旋转蒸发二步法制备高铼酸。结果表明,采用上述两种方法均可制得符合行业标准YS/T 836—2012要求的Ⅰ级高铼酸产品,其中萃取法铼回收率为97.47%,NH4+去除率高达99.993%;离子交换法铼损失率为0.035%,C160阳离子树脂对NH4+的穿透吸附容量为33.6g/L。     

磷酸三丁酯和磷酸二丁酯与Pu(Ⅳ)配合物的密度泛函研究

采用B3LYP密度泛函方法,Pu(Ⅳ)和其他原子分别采用相对论有效原子实势(RECP)和6-311g(d,p)全电子基组,研究了Pu(NO3)4TBP2和Pu(NO3)2DBP2的几何结构、热力学参数及紫外可见光谱。几何结构计算结果表明,由于配体空间位阻的影响,Pu与DBP的键长更短,自然布居分析(NPA)结果也表明,Pu与DBP之间的电荷转移更多,因此二者之间相互作用更强。热力学分析显示,Pu(NO3)4TBP2与HDBP发生配体交换的反应自由能为-178.9kJ/mol,说明DBP与Pu之间的相互作用更强。Pu(NO3)4TBP2的紫外吸收光谱主要来源于硝酸根到Pu的f轨道的跃迁,TBP贡献不大;而Pu(NO3)2DBP2的跃迁同时来源于硝酸根和DBP到Pu的f轨道的配体-金属电荷转移跃迁(LMCT)。     

基于4-叔丁基吡啶的染料敏化太阳电池中电子传输研究

采用强度调制光电流谱（IMPS）／强调制光电压谱（IMVS）技术,从电子传输和复合动力学的角度,研究了DSC的液态电解质中加入TBP后,电池光伏性能变化的电荷传输机理。研究结果表明：DSC电解质中加入TBP后,TiO2导带边负移,导致DSC的开路电压明显增大;同时光生电子注入动力降低,多孔薄膜中光生电子浓度减少,电子传...     

从高硅高碳钒矿中回收钒的工艺研究

介绍了一种从高硅高碳钒矿中回收钒的工艺,主要工序包括焙烧、硫酸浸出、P204+TBP+航空煤油萃取、氨水沉钒等,并研究了各工序的工艺条件.结果表明,该钒矿石于500℃下焙烧5 h,再磨矿至粒径小于75 μm,然后用硫酸两次浸出,钒浸出率最高可达96.83%;随后钒浸出液经P204+TBP+航空煤油溶液萃取及氨水沉钒,可...