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1.
An analytical model for gas leakage through contact interface in proton exchange membrane fuel cells
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(75):32273-32286
Sealing performance between two contacting surfaces is of significant importance to stable operation of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. In this work, an analytical micro-scale approach is first established to predict the gas leakage in fuel cells. Gas pressure and uneven pressure distribution at the interface are also included in the model. At first, the micro tortuous leakage path at the interface is constructed by introducing contact modelling and fractal porous structure theory. In order to obtain the leakage at the entire surface, contact pressure distribution is predicted based on bonded elastic layer model. The gas leakage through the discontinuous interface can be obtained with consideration of convection and diffusion. Then, experiments are conducted to validate the numerical model, and good agreement is obtained between them. Finally, influences of surface topology, gasket compression and gasket width on leakage are studied based on the model. The results show that gas leakage would be greatly amplified when the asperity standard deviation of surface roughness exceeds 1.0 μm. Gaskets with larger width and smaller thickness are beneficial to sealing performance. The model is helpful to understand the gas leakage behavior at the interface and guide the gasket design of fuel cells. 相似文献
2.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(83):35423-35436
The gas diffusion substrate (GDS) is essential in the proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Its fabrication techniques affect the performance significantly and are worthy of investigation. In this study, a manufacturing process of the GDS is proposed to understand the formation process of GDS and promote its structure and performance more pertinently. Different states during the preparation process, raw carbon paper, pre-curing, curing, carbonation, and graphitization, are characterized and measured. Experimental and numerical methods are employed to determine the relationships between microstructure, transport, and mechanical performance variation with the fabricating processes. The results show that its porosity, average pore size, and effective diffusivity decrease first and increase after curing. These parameters after graphitization are lower than that of the carbon paper (CP). The electrical resistivity increases dramatically while pre-curing and decreases gradually after curing, carbonation, and graphitization, and it is much reduced after graphitization. Moreover, mechanical measurement results show that both the picks of tensile strength and flexural modulus occur after curing. Its tensile strength shows little change after graphitization compared to the initial paper's. In contrast, the flexural modulus is improved significantly. 相似文献
3.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(49):21231-21240
To explore the feasibility and related mechanism of MFC biosensor for wastewater detection under the action of combined heavy metals. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and scanning electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to explore the related bioelectrochemical process. The response of the reactor to single/combined heavy metals, low/high heavy metal concentrations, and the differences in ohmic resistance (Rs) and charge transfer resistance (Rct) were investigated using Ni as the core heavy metal and the combined action of Cd, Cu and Zn. The results indicated that there was a linear relationship between the concentration and output voltage of the MFC biosensor under the action of combined heavy metals (R2 = 0.8803–0.973). However, the internal resistance (Rint) of the MFC biosensor under the action of single heavy metal was far less than that of the combined heavy metal group, and the power density (19.849 W m?3) was 4 times that of the combined heavy metal group (3.109–4.589 W m?3). The Rs of the biosensors in the combined heavy metal group were 0.868Ω and 0.860, which were higher than 0.768Ω of the single heavy metal sensor. With the increase of the concentration of heavy metals in the influent, the increase of Rct was more obvious in the combined group, while the Rs in the single group significantly increased (P < 0.05). The results imply that it is possible for MFC biosensors to be used in the detection of actual water polluted by various heavy metals, but the biosensor performance is mainly limited by Rct, which needs to be further improved. 相似文献
4.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(92):39204-39214
In this work, the SnS2 nanoflowers (SnS2 NFs) were solvothermally prepared in the solvent of ethanol, while SnS2 nanoplates (SnS2 NPs) were obtained through the identical conditions except for the solvent of water. The flowers were assembled with numerous nanosheets with very thin thickness, and the NPs exhibited hexagonal shape. When used as the battery-type electrode material for supercapacitors, the SnS2 NFs delivered a specific capacity of as high as 264.4 C g?1 at 1 A g?1, which was higher than the 201.6 C g?1 of SnS2 NPs. Furthermore, a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) was assembled with the SnS2 as positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as negative electrode, respectively. The SnS2 NFs//AC HSC exhibited a high energy density of 28.1 Wh kg?1 at 904.3 W kg?1, which was higher than the 24.2 Wh kg?1 at 844.3 W kg?1 of SnS2 NPs//AC HSC. Especially, when the power density was enhanced to the highest value of 8666.8 W kg?1, the NFs-based device could still hold 20.4 Wh kg?1. In addition, both HSC devices showed an excellent cycling stability after 5000 cycles at 5 A g?1. The present method is simple and can be extended to the preparation of other transition metal sulfides (TMSs)-based electrode materials with brilliant electrochemical performance for supercapacitors. 相似文献
5.
In the present work, the heating performance of a new system combined with a new modified baseboard radiator and fan coil is investigated. Using longitudinal fins with special geometry and also forced airflow at the end of the system causes that at the lower inlet water temperature compared with the conventional models, higher heat output rate be obtained. The heat output rate of the new modified system is obtained by experimental metrology based on the European Standard No. EN-442. Temperature and velocity distribution in the room space is done by simulation of the modified system in the Flovent software. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results are validated against experimental results and there is a good agreement between them. Also, the energy consumption of the system during the winter season is calculated in TRANSYS software. Experimental results show that the heat output rate of a new modified heating system with inlet water temperature in the range of 45–55°C is on average 4.17 times higher compared with the conventional model. CFD simulation also showed that the combined system provides good thermal comfort conditions. Energy consumption of the new system reduced about 13% compared with conventional models. 相似文献
6.
建立高效液相色谱法测定化妆品中依克多因的分析方法,采用Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18色谱柱(100 mm×3.0 mm,2.7μm)分离,以甲醇和p H为3.0的40 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠-10 mmol/L 1-庚烷磺酸钠缓冲溶液梯度洗脱,流速0.8 m L/min,柱温30℃,检测波长210 nm。采用外标法定量测定化妆品中的依克多因含量。结果表明,依克多因在5~800 mg/L的质量浓度范围内呈现良好线性关系,相关系数为0.999 8,方法的检出限和定量限分别为0.3和1.0 mg/L。该方法具有分离效率高、分析时间短、节省溶剂等优点,解决了依克多因在C18色谱柱上保留弱的问题。 相似文献
7.
《Ceramics International》2022,48(20):29862-29872
Thermal shock parameters (R, R''', R'''' and Rst) of MgAlON–MgO composites obtained with additions of spent MgO–C brick were calculated using measured mechanical properties and thermal expansion coefficient, determining their resistance to fracture initiation and crack propagation. The cyclic thermal shock experiments of MgAlON–MgO composites performed from 1398 K to ambient temperature indicate that as number of thermal shock cycle increases, retained strength ratio of MgAlON and MgAlON–4.2 wt%MgO sharply decrease and then keep constant, while that of MgAlON–10.5 wt%MgO and MgAlON–15.7 wt%MgO slowly decrease. The reason for the difference is that MgAlON and MgAlON–4.2 wt%MgO show low value of R''' and R'''', and high value of R and Rst. Moreover, precipitation of impurity containing Fe may play a positive role in improvement of thermal shock resistance of MgAlON–MgO composites. MgAlON?4.2 wt%MgO has the maximum retained strength (55 MPa) even after 5 thermal shock cycles, which is expected to be used in the metallurgical industry. 相似文献
8.
《Ceramics International》2022,48(24):36835-36844
Molybdate and tungstate with scheelite-type structure are excellent self-luminescent materials, which can be used as ideal hosts for the doping of rare-earth ions. In this study, a series of Eu3+-activated SrAO4 (A = Mo and W) phosphors were successfully synthesized, and their crystal structures, photoluminescence properties, and temperature measurement performance were analyzed in detail. These phosphors were excited by UV light (291 nm and 247 nm, respectively), with clear energy transfer (ET) (MoO42?→Eu3+ or WO42?→Eu3+). According to fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) and Judd–Ofelt (J–O) theory, compared to SrWO4:0.01Eu3+ phosphor, SrMoO4:0.01Eu3+ phosphor exhibited better thermal stability, with relatively low Sa value (maximum values were 5.082 %K?1 and 20.74 %K?1, respectively), and their Sr values were not significantly different (maximum values were 0.864 %K?1 and 0.83 %K?1, respectively). Sa value was negatively correlated to central asymmetry of Eu3+, but the optimal Sr value tended to be more suitable for central asymmetry of Eu3+. In addition, Eu3+ exhibited stronger central asymmetry as well as covalency of Eu–O bond in SrMoO4. Results reveal that SrMoO4:xEu3+ and SrWO4:xEu3+ can be used for luminescent thermometers. 相似文献
9.
《Ceramics International》2022,48(4):5091-5099
The impact of the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles and nanowires on the morphology, phase characteristics, contact angle, and electrochemical performance of chemically bonded phosphate ceramic coatings (CBPCs) was investigated. The chemical composition and surface morphology of the TiO2 nanoparticle and nanowire modified with and without (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetradecyl) trimethoxysilane were characterized. Results indicated that the hydrophobic –CF2– and –CF3 groups were successfully introduced into the TiO2 nanoparticles and nanowires after modification. Corrosion resistance of CBPCs with TiO2 was evidently improved compared with that without TiO2. Such improvement was mainly due to the combined effects of low surface energy materials and micro/nano structures. In addition, CBPCs with TiO2 nanowires exhibited higher hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance than those with TiO2 nanoparticles because of the special columnar structure of the nanowires. 相似文献
10.
《Ceramics International》2022,48(14):20041-20052
The growing demand for radiation-resistant optical glasses for space and nuclear radiation applications has attracted significant research interest. However, radiation-resistant fluorophosphate glasses have been poorly studied. In this work, we report on the tailoring and performance of radiation-resistant fluorophosphate glasses that contained cerium through codoping with Sb2O3 and Bi2O3. The physical properties, optical properties, microstructure, and defects of fluorophosphate glasses were investigated using transmittance measurements, absorption measurements, as well as Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the radiation resistance of all codoped fluorophosphate glasses was better than the undoped cerium-containing fluorophosphate glasses after 10–250 krad(Si) irradiation. Especially in glasses doped with Bi2O3, the optical density increment at 385 nm was only 0.1482 after 250 krad(Si) irradiation. The CeO2 prevented the development of phosphate-related oxygen hole center (POHC) defects, whereas further codoping with Bi2O3 suppressed the formation of oxygen hole center (OHC) and POEC defects, reducing the breaking of phosphate chains caused by CeO2. Bi3+ is more likely than Sb3+ to change the valence, affecting the transition equilibrium of intrinsic defects and reducing the concentration of defects produced by irradiation. When codoping with Sb2O3 and Bi2O3, Bi2O3 does not enhance radiation resistance owing to the scission effect of Sb2O3 on the phosphate chain, which is not conducive to the radiation resistance of glasses. This indicates that the cerium-containing fluorophosphate glasses doped with Bi2O3 can effectively suppress the defects caused by irradiation and improve the radiation resistance of the glasses. 相似文献