减水剂类型对赤泥—矿渣基地聚物注浆材料性能的影响及机理研究

针对赤泥等固体废弃物对环境危害性大且利用率低等问题,以碱激发赤泥-矿渣基地聚物注浆材料为 研究对象,研究了不同掺量的聚羧酸(PA)减水剂、醛酮缩合物(AKC)减水剂和萘系(N)减水剂对材料凝结时间、流动 性及强度等的影响,并通过 XRD、傅里叶红外光谱及 SEM 等设备对减水剂的作用机理进行研究。 结果表明:减水剂增 强了材料的流动性但降低了材料的剪切应力;N 和 PA 减水剂能缩短材料的凝结时间,但 AKC 减水剂会延长材料的凝 结时间;N 和 AKC 减水剂能提高材料的强度,但 PA 减水剂会降低材料的强度;N 减水剂对材料的综合性能提升效果 更加明显,其最优掺量为 0. 7%;减水剂对赤泥-矿渣基地聚物性能提升的作用机理主要是促进地聚合物凝胶的形成。 研究成果为拓展赤泥在工程上的使用途径和效率提供了理论指导。     

有砟轨道路基翻浆冒泥模型试验系统的研发与应用

为研究既有线有砟轨道路基的翻浆冒泥机理，自主研发了一套能够模拟循环荷载–湿化耦合作用的模型试验系统。模型试样直径500 mm，由厚度分别为350 mm的路基土和200 mm的道砟组成，整个试样在高强度透明有机玻璃模型筒中制备完成。模型试验系统配备有监测荷载、位移、体积含水率和孔隙水压力的4种传感器，并通过高清相机对颗粒迁移过程进行图像捕捉。基于所研发的试验系统，针对辛泰铁路典型翻浆冒泥病害路段土样，开展翻浆冒泥模型试验。试验结果表明：动孔隙水压力是导致翻浆冒泥病害产生的关键因素。随着体积含水率的增加，动孔隙水压力引起的颗粒迁移量逐渐增加；在饱和状态下，会引起大量颗粒迁移，翻浆冒泥现象显著。试验结束时，道砟污染指数达到25%，在实际工程中已严重影响铁路的正常运营，有必要对污染道砟进行换填。     

MnS掺杂多孔碳复合材料的制备及电化学性能（两张发票1000+2500）

褐煤作为低级煤资源利用率不高，但褐煤中具有腐植酸成分，将褐煤中提取的腐植酸作为化肥原料，提取后剩余残渣作为碳源，与MnS纳米粒子制备了MnS@C复合材料。采用XRD、拉曼光谱、XPS、N2吸附-脱附、SEM和TEM对样品进行了表征。将该复合材料应用于锂离子电池负极材料，对其电化学性能进行了测试。结果表明，MnS@C复合材料的比表面积和孔容分别为117.19m2/g和0.044mL/g，该电极在0.1 A/g电流密度条件下循环200次后比容量高达830 mA‧h/g，且电极容量保持率为99%左右。在0.2、0.4、0.8、1.0、1.2和1.6 A/g电流密度下比容量分别为644、522、427、399、373和348mAh/g，展现出良好的倍率性能。MnS@C复合材料优异的电化学性能得益于碳基体的存在，不仅可以缓解MnS纳米粒子在嵌锂/脱锂过程中的体积膨胀，而且展示了锂离子电池高性能的巨大潜力，为褐煤的高值化利用作出巨大贡献。     

Effect of nanostructured grains in co-sputtered Ni-GDC thin-film anode on methane conversion kinetics for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells operating on nearly dry methane

Direct-methane solid oxide fuel cells (DMSOFCs) have recently attracted substantial attention due to their simplified system, reduced cost, and the direct availability of methane fuel obtained from natural gas. Among oxygen-ion conductive materials, doped-ceria such as gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) or samarium-doped ceria can be incorporated into Ni-based anodes to reinforce their coking resistance, enlarge their electrochemical reaction area, and improve the kinetics of the internal reforming/electrochemical oxidation of methane. To reduce the range of operating temperatures of DMSOFCs while maintaining their performance, the thin film deposition technique of magnetron sputtering was adopted in this work. An Ni-GDC thin-film anode and a Pt thin-film cathode were deposited on scandia-stabilized zirconia (ScSZ) electrolyte supports. This fuel cell was tested with directly supplied methane fuel (3% H₂O) at 500 °C. The results demonstrated the effects of the GDC volume fraction in the anode—which was controlled by co-sputtering power—on open circuit voltage and electrochemical performance. The co-sputtered Ni-GDC anode was able to survive through 36-h operation, although there was some performance degradation. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy results revealed no formation of filamentous carbon on the Ni catalysts, despite the fact that both X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy analyses detected carbon coking. The relatively high performance and resistance to carbon coking of co-sputtered thin-film anode were attributed to its intrinsic small grain size.     

浅谈不同给液方式在铜电解车间的应用

不同给液方式对铜电解过程中有重要的影响,不同的循环方式会影响槽内温度分布、电解液成分及阳极泥沉降等,因此,根据铜电解生产不同情况的需要,分析对比了多种给液方式在贵冶电解车间的应用,总结了这几种给液方式的优缺点和适用条件。     

An easy and scalable approach to synthesize three-dimensional sandwich-like Si/Polyaniline/Graphene nanoarchitecture anode for lithium ion batteries

A new three-dimensional (3D) sandwich-like Si/Polyaniline/Graphene nanoarchitecture anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is successfully fabricated through an easy approach. In this nanoarchitecture, the in-situ polymerized electronic conductive polyaniline (PAni) hydrogel, acting as “glue”, agglutinates tightly to both the silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) and graphene sheets, forming efficient conductive networks with high elastic modulus and high tensile strength. This mechanically robust nanoarchitecture can endure the great volume change of silicon and retain structural stability during Li-ion insertion/extraction. The electrodes consisting of this 3D sandwich-like Si/Polyaniline/Graphene nanoarchitecture reveal excellent electrochemical performance. The progress made in this work provides an easy and scalable route for preparing Si-based anode materials with high performance for advanced LIBs.     

Exergy analysis of the diesel pre-reforming solid oxide fuel cell system with anode off-gas recycling in the SchIBZ project. Part I: Modeling and validation

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems with anode off-gas recirculation (AGR) and diesel pre-reforming are advantageous because they can operate with the current fuel infrastructure. In the SchIBZ-project, the prototype of such a SOFC system for maritime applications has already been commissioned. In this first paper, we model the system devices to conduct an exergy analysis of this real SOFC plant and validate them with experimental values from experiments in laboratory scale. The results of our simulation agree well with the experimental values. The calculations with the validated results may be closer to the real thermodynamic behavior of such system components than previous literature.     

浓香型白酒窖泥菌群结构、菌种功能及其改良研究进展

窖泥质量对浓香型白酒的发酵具有重要影响。一般来说，窖龄越大，窖泥质量越好，酿酒质量越好。近年来，以提高窖泥质量、促进窖泥老熟为导向的研究成为热点。本文按照从基础理论到改良应用研究的逻辑顺序，参考相关文献资料，就窖泥菌群结构、菌种功能及人工窖泥改良三方面进行综述。在时间维度上，随窖龄增加，窖泥原核菌群多样性逐渐增加，菌群结构逐渐趋于稳定（老熟），而真核菌群多样性逐渐减少，甚至消失。在空间分布上，池底窖泥原核菌群多样性大于池壁泥，而真核菌群相反，且其在池底老窖泥中趋于消失状态。窖泥中一些菌种参与己酸合成，如克氏梭菌（Clostridium kluyveri）和Ruminococcaceae CPB6，随窖泥老熟，窖泥菌群逐渐形成了完整的代谢网络。人工窖泥改良可以有效促进窖泥菌群的老熟。通过本综述，为进一步的窖泥菌群理论及应用研究提供了新思路。     

一种分散在多孔碳上的碳包覆硅负极的制备及应用

硅负极具有高比容量的显著优势,其理论比容量（4 200 mA∙h/g）达到传统石墨负极的10倍以上,被认为是锂离子电池最有潜力的负极之一。然而,硅负极存在导电性较差、充放电过程中体积膨胀巨大等诸多问题,导致其循环性能较差,限制了大规模实际应用。本文提供了一种高性能硅负极的制备方法及应用,通过将硅负极分散在多级孔碳中,连同黏结剂聚丙烯腈涂覆在集流体上,再对极片进行热处理实现聚丙烯腈碳包覆,有效提高电极的整体导电性并能为巨大的体积变化提供空间,从而提升硅负极的大倍率性能和循环稳定性。     

Hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization of diesel over zeolite beta-containing NiMo supported on activated red mud

NiMo nanocatalysts supported on activated red mud with different zeolite beta contents were successfully prepared by impregnation technique. Their hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization activities were evaluated with two different kinds of diesel feed (iso diesel and heavy diesel) in a fixed bed reactor at ambient pressure and 500 °C. Physico-chemical properties of synthesized samples were characterized using the methods of XRF, XRD, FESEM, BET, FTIR and NH₃-TPD. The results indicated that zeolite incorporation resulted in a significant increase in specific surface area (BET result) and acidic strength (TPD result) of nanocatalysts. FESEM analysis confirmed that the particles size of zeolite-containing NiMo/ARM was less than 100 nm and the average size of particles was about 30 nm. Hydrocracking results illustrated that incorporation of zeolite beta improved cracking activity considerably. In addition, NiMo nanocatalyst containing 37.5 wt% of zeolite had the highest yields of desirable products (naphtha, kerosene and diesel) and the highest conversion. Moreover, the flash point and viscosity of the liquid product decreased notably the nanocatalysts with 37.5 wt% and 12.5 wt% of zeolite were able to remove approximately 96% and 72% of the sulfur content of iso diesel and heavy diesel, respectively.