Speciation of copper in high chloride concentrations,in the context of corrosion of copper canisters

Canisters with a cast iron insert for mechanical strength and a 50-mm thick copper shell as corrosion protection are planned to be used for disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Sweden and Finland. Chloride can be considered “beneficial”, as it promotes active dissolution of copper rather than passivation (which might result in pitting), but a high concentration of chloride in solution would increase the driving force for corrosion through the formation of soluble copper chloro complexes. Thermodynamic calculations are performed in this study with the PHREEQC software and three of its accompanying databases, and a comparison with experimental data is performed to select the database to be used when evaluating repository performance. The activity coefficient models are given special attention. For the assessment of chloride-assisted corrosion of a KBS-3 canister, chloride concentrations pessimistically up to 5 mol/kg are used (in Finland and Sweden, the groundwater and bentonite porewater chloride concentrations are not expected to exceed 1 mol/kg). The resulting copper solubilities are then considered in different mass transport cases.     

Iodine from brown algae in human nutrition,with an emphasis on bioaccessibility,bioavailability, chemistry,and effects of processing: A systematic review

Brown algae are becoming increasingly popular as a food source and dietary supplement in Europe and other Western countries. As they are highly rich in iodine, they represent a potential new dietary iodine source. Iodine deficiency has been re-emerging in Europe, and it is important to ensure adequate intake through one's diet. However, macroalgae, and especially brown algae, may contain very high amounts of iodine, and both iodine deficiency and excessive iodine may increase the risk of negative health effects. The iodine content of algae or foods containing algae is currently not regulated in the European Union. The aim of this paper is to review the literature to determine the chemical species of iodine in brown algae, the loss of iodine during processing, and the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of iodine. A systematic search of the literature was performed in April 2021, via the databases Web of Science and PubMed. The review includes studies of iodine in brown macroalgae in relation to bioavailability, bioaccessibility, processing and speciation. A meta-analysis was conducted in relation to the following topics: (i) the correlation between total iodine and iodide (I^–) content in brown algae; (ii) the correlation between the loss of iodine during processing and the I^– content; and (iii) the correlation between bioavailability and the I^– content. The bioavailability of iodine from brown algae was generally high, with in vivo bioavailability ranging from 31% to 90%. The in vitro bioavailability of iodine (2%–28%) was systematically lower than in vivo bioavailability (31%–90%), indicating an inadequate in vitro methodology. Processing may reduce the iodine content of brown algae, and a higher I^– content was positively correlated with increased iodine loss during processing. Although processing strategies may reduce the iodine content of brown algae significantly, the iodine content may still be high after processing. These findings may be used in food safety evaluations of brown algae as well as in the development of macroalgae-containing foods with iodine contents suitable for human consumption. Further research on processing techniques to reduce the iodine content in brown macroalgae are warranted.     

成都市东北部冬季大气PM_(2.5)中砷锑形态研究

砷锑是具有潜在毒性的元素,在大气颗粒物中聚集,被人体吸入对人体造成不良危害。Fernandez改进了Tessier法和BCR法。本次研究优化了提取方法, AFS测定每个形态检出限低至0.001ng/mL,用原子荧光测得数据相对标准偏差0.476%～3.77%,土壤标准物质总量回收率在90.2%～107%,该方法简便、灵敏度高。测得砷锑形态主要以水溶态为主,水溶态是最容易被生物利用的态。     

变径组合提升管内团聚物持续时间的分析

在固气比［Gs/（ρg?Ug）］为2.13～47.95的范围内，对循环流化床变径组合提升管内团聚物持续时间进行了测量与分析，结果表明：单个团聚物持续时间为0.001 28～0.601 60 s，局部位置团聚物平均持续时间为0.014 32～0.160 64 s；在数量上，持续时间小于0.064 00 s的低浓度团聚物占87.69%，持续时间大于0.064 00 s 的高浓度团聚物占12.31%；在固气比较低时，主要由低浓度团聚物主导平均持续时间；在固气比较高时，临近边壁区域主要由高浓度团聚物主导平均持续时间。时间多尺度分析结果表明：低浓度团聚物中，在数量上主要以持续时间为0.001 28～0.038 40 s 的团聚物为主，在对平均持续时间的影响上主要以持续时间为0.012 80～0.038 40 s 的团聚物为主；高浓度团聚物中，在数量和对平均持续时间的影响上，均主要以持续时间为0.064 00～0.128 00 s 的团聚物为主。     

Veni,vidi, vici: the success of wtf meiotic drivers in fission yeast

Meiotic drivers are selfish DNA loci that can bias their own transmission into gametes. Owing to their transmission advantages, meiotic drivers can spread in populations even if the drivers or linked variants decrease organismal fitness. Meiotic drive was first formally described in the 1950s and is thought to be a powerful force shaping eukaryotic genomes. Classic genetic analyses have detected the action of meiotic drivers in plants, filamentous fungi, insects and vertebrates. Several of these drive systems have limited experimental tractability and relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms of meiotic drive. Recently, however, meiotic drivers were discovered in a yeast species. The Schizosaccharomyces pombe wtf gene family contains several active meiotic drive genes. This review summarizes what is known about the wtf family and highlights its potential as a highly tractable experimental model for molecular and evolutionary characterization of meiotic drive.     

水相中酒石酸铀酰形态的电喷雾串联质谱研究

铀的水溶液化学形态是高放废物处置研究的重要内容之一。本实验采用电喷雾串联质谱（ESI-MS/MS）研究酒石酸-硝酸铀酰水溶液中铀酰形态，共分析出14种酒石酸铀酰和5种无机铀酰形态。每个铀酰基团可紧密结合1个酒石酸阴离子，并继续以较弱的形式络合1~2个酒石酸分子。实验中还发现了［(UO₂HTarH₂Tar)₂］²⁺、［(UO₂)₃Tar(HTar)₂(H₂Tar)₂］²⁺等酒石酸铀酰团簇形态。酒石酸铀酰形态中各络合键解离所需能量大小顺序为：铀酰间结合键＞酒石酸阴离子-铀酰结合键＞酒石酸分子-铀酰结合键。该研究对实际条件下铀与有机酸的水溶液形态研究具有指导意义。     

Interval analysis of mode shapes to identify damage in beam structures

Various damage detection methods have been proposed by several researchers in the past few decades. Amongst them, the efficiency of mode shapes in detecting damage has been demonstrated by many researchers when further processed. In most cases, the processing involves expansion or reduction of the mode shape data. However, vital information that are damage-prints are often lost during processing of the mode shape data. In addition, most of these processes involve long and complex computation, thus, leading to inaccurate damage identification. In this study, a simple and fast damage identification technique is proposed to identify damage in beam structures. Interval analysis is applied to the mode shapes of a beam structure in the damaged and undamaged states. The interval situations of each of the beam's segment via mode shape are derived to obtain the upper and lower bounds and the derived bounds are compared. To establish a relationship for identify the damaged point, a possibility of damage existence is defined for each segment of the beam structure. The mode shape increment is defined as the increase in the mode shape value. Furthermore, a damage measure index that provide enhance damage information is obtained as the product of the possibility of damage existence and mode shape increment. A numerical model of a simply supported steel beam is applied to demonstrate this method by imposing damage through thickness reduction of elements in segments. In addition, a parametric analysis is carried out to evaluate noise effect by considering varying damage severities and different noise levels. The results showed that this method is simple and provides considerable accurate results.     

Qualitative analysis of thermal explosion of sodium droplet with variable thermophysical properties and thermal radiations

There are many coolants frequently used in the industry for controlling not only heat transfer, but also temperature distribution in a confined domain. However, little is known on the thermal properties of sodium droplets. The qualitative analysis of differential equations that model the thermal explosion, nonlinear dynamic of sodium droplet with variable thermophysical properties when thermal radiations are considered as suggested by Cogley et al, Sohrab et al, and P‐1 approximation Sazhin et al is deliberated upon in this study. The governing equations, first‐order nonlinear ordinary differential equations, are nondimensionalized using the appropriate similarity variables. The existence and uniqueness of the solutions, concavity, and convexity of the temperature distribution, and positivity nature of the solutions of the dimensionless governing equations are established. It is concluded that there exists a solution for a certain range of the admissible parameters and when the reduced activation energy is negative and temperature distribution fits concavity. More so, the major criteria to obtain a positive solution are outlined in this study.     

Arsenic species in rice and rice-based products consumed by toddlers in Switzerland

Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a contaminant present in food, especially in rice and rice-based products. Toxicity of arsenic compounds (As) depends on species and oxidative state. iAs species, such as arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)), are more bioactive and toxic than organic arsenic species, like methylarsonic acid (MMA(V)) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) or arsenosugars and arsenobetaine. An ion chromatography-inductively coupled-plasma-mass spectroscopy method was developed to separate the four following arsenic anions: As(III), As(V), MMA(V) and DMA(V). Sample preparation was done in mild acidic conditions to ensure species preservation. The predominant arsenic species found in rice and rice-based products, except for rice drinks, was As(III), with 60–80% of the total As content, followed by DMA(V) and As(V). MMA(V) was measured only at low levels (<3%). Analyses of rice products (N = 105) intended for toddlers, including special products destined for infants and toddlers, such as dry form baby foods (N = 12) or ready-to-use form (N = 9), were done. It was found in this study that there is little or no margin of exposure. Risk assessment, using the occurrence data and indicated intake scenarios compared to reference BMDLs as established by EFSA, demonstrated toddlers with a high consumption of rice based cereals and rice drinks are at risk of high iAs exposure, for which a potential health risk cannot be excluded.     

水泥回转窑系统固相中硫、碱分布特性研究

采用XRF、XRD与EPMA分析方法对取自某水泥厂生产线的几种试样(入预热器生料、入窑热生料、烟室结皮、窑皮、熟料)进行测试分析,研究硫、碱在水泥回转窑系统内固相中的分布特性.结果表明:回转窑内入窑热生料、烟室结皮以及过渡带区域窑皮中,硫、碱含量较高;且不同试样中硫、碱的存在形式也不一样,其中烟室结皮最为复杂.不同粒径大小的熟料,将硫、碱带出回转窑系统的情况存在着差异,大粒径熟料带出的钾、硫含量较小粒径熟料高出许多,但是钠含量相差不大,而且后者的晶体发育程度较好.