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Jrgen Sjdin 《国际能源研究杂志》2002,26(6):475-494
Energy taxation in Sweden is complicated and strongly guides and governs district energy production. Consequently, there is a need for methods for accurate calculation and analysis of effects that different energy tax schemes may have on district energy utilities. Here, a practicable method to analyse influence of such governmental policy measures is demonstrated. The Swedish Government has for some years now been working on a reform of energy taxation, and during this process, several interest groups have expressed their own proposals for improving and developing the system of energy taxation. Together with the present system of taxation, four new alternatives, including the proposed directive of the European Commission, are outlined in the paper. In a case study, an analysis is made of how the different tax alternatives may influence the choice of profitable investments and use of energy carriers in a medium‐sized district‐heating utility. The calculations are made with a linear‐programming model framework. By calculating suitable types and sizes of new investments, if any, and the operation of existing and potential plants, total energy costs are minimized. Results of the analysis include the most profitable investments, which fuel should be used, roughly when during a year plants should be in operation, and at what output. In most scenarios, the most profitable measure is to invest in a waste incineration plant. However, a crucial assumption is, with reference to the new Swedish waste disposal act, a significant income from incinerating refuse. Without this income, different tax schemes result in different technical solutions being most profitable. An investment in cogeneration seems possible in only one scenario. It is also found that particular features of some alternatives seem to oppose both main governmental policy goals, and intentions of the district heating company. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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制备单根大重量喷涂钼丝的生产研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
全面系统地介绍了“大坯料轧制开坯-大加工率变形-长线拉伸”制造喷涂钼丝的工艺。重点阐述了Y370、Y250型三辊连轧机实现一火轧制开坯和长线拉伸增加在线碱洗工序对提高喷涂钼丝内部组织结构和外部表面质量的影响。分析了工艺中出现的问题,提出了相应的解决办法。 相似文献
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Annual commercial poplar wood production in Turkey is about 3.6 million cubic meters, half of which comes from hybrid poplar I-214. The poplar plantation areas of Turkey are 70% of the poplar plantation areas of the Near and Middle Eastern countries, and nearly 5% of the world. In this study, unit times of standard operations were investigated in poplar nurseries and plantations in which new mechanical technology was applied and compared with traditional methods. Analyses of unit times were made on 11 treatments for poplar nurseries and nine treatments for poplar plantations; some new methods are also recommended. Mechanization methods based on new technologies give promising results in poplar nurseries and plantations. 相似文献
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建筑节能发展缓慢的原因及其对策 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
张旭 《徐州建筑职业技术学院学报》2005,5(1):55-57
我国实施建筑节能已近10年,但仍然只停留在试点、示范的层面上,尚未扩大到整体.分析了造成建筑节能发展缓慢的原因,并提出了推行和普及建筑节能的对策. 相似文献
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Comments on the article by K. T. Herbst-Damm and J. A. Kulik (see record 2005-02260-012) entitled Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Can a simple and low-cost intervention, such as a visit by a volunteer, extend the life of terminally ill patients? The answer, according to a study by Herbst-Damm and Kulik (2005), is yes. When it comes to quality of life, however, the effects of volunteer visits remain murky. Thus, it is critical that we look beyond effects on longevity and assess how such a program would influence quality of life. Extending the life of terminally ill patients might not always a blessing. Prolonging their life might even cause harm, as it can extend unwanted physical and mental suffering. It may also go against some patients' desire to hasten their death. Despite Herbst-Damm and Kulik's important findings, the current author remains unconvinced as to the merits of implementing volunteer visits as an intervention policy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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介绍了综合应用新型无水冷技术和热管技术的轧钢加热炉高效运行的新模式,并结合首钢第一线材厂的实践,进一步阐明了该模式的实用性和给企业带来的良好效益。 相似文献