Olive mill wastewaters decontamination based on organo-nano-clay composites

Green composites for environmental applications were successfully prepared by intercalation of the biosurfactant Quillaja saponin onto montmorillonite mineral clay on varying pH and surfactant/clay ratio. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms were constructed and the system was characterized by performing TGA and XRD analyses.The efficiency of the surfactant-modified clay in the removal of the organic content present in olive mill wastewaters (OMW) was evaluated by means of spectrophotometric measurements. The interest for this cogent issue comes from the consideration that, despite their high pollutant content, OMW can be considered as a potential resource of several organic compounds which can be recovered for a wide array of pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Two different strategies were proposed. In the first one, dried surfactant/clay hybrids were added to the batch samples under continuous stirring, while in the second alternative approach the organoclays were packed in chromatography column filled with multiple alternate layers of sand and organoclay.These studies revealed the efficacy of the methods used and suggested that the modification of the montmorillonite clay substrate significantly improves the performance of the clay.     

The Role of Cholesterol on Triterpenoid Saponin-Induced Endolysosomal Escape of a Saporin-Based Immunotoxin

Cholesterol seems to play a central role in the augmentation of saporin-based immunotoxin (IT) cytotoxicity by triterpenoid saponins. Endolysosomal escape has been proposed as one mechanism for the saponin-mediated enhancement of targeted toxins. We investigated the effects of lipid depletion followed by repletion on Saponinum album (SA)-induced endolysosomal escape of Alexa Fluor labelled saporin and the saporin-based immunotoxin OKT10-SAP, directed against CD38, in Daudi lymphoma cells. Lipid deprived cells showed reduced SA-induced endolysosomal escape at two concentrations of SA, as determined by a flow cytometric method. The repletion of membrane cholesterol by low density lipoprotein (LDL) restored SA-induced endolysosomal escape at a concentration of 5 µg/mL SA but not at 1 µg/mL SA. When LDL was used to restore the cholesterol levels in lipid deprived cells, the SA augmentation of OKT10-SAP cytotoxicity was partially restored at 1 µg/mL SA and fully restored at 5 µg/mL SA. These results suggest that different mechanisms of action might be involved for the two different concentrations of SA and that endosomal escape may not be the main mechanism for the augmentation of saporin IT cytotoxicity by SA at the sub-lytic concentration of 1 µg/mL SA.     

Production of yellow wine from Camellia Oleifera meal pretreated by mixed cultured solid‐state fermentation

Camellia oleifera meal was evaluated to be a potential feedstock for the production of yellow wine (YW), and process conditions were investigated. In this study, C. oleifera meal was firstly pretreated using mixed cultured Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger under solid‐substrate fermentation to degrade the tea saponin (TS) for the following YW fermentation. Response surface methodology helped evaluate the effects of the selected operating parameters, and the optimal condition at a fixed time of 4 days, which gave a 67.84 ± 0.23% degradation rate of TS, was reached as inoculum concentration of 16%, initial moisture content of 55% and temperature of 30 °C. Finally, 7‐day fermentation was harvested to be the most suitable pretreatment for producing YW from C. oleifera meal, and the twice‐feeding fermentation for YW was obtained as wheat koji 12% and active yeast 1.2%. In addition, ample amino acids, phenolic components and the trace TS endowed the C. oleifera wine, the more nutritional characteristics.     

乙醇提取-丙酮沉淀法提取分离茶皂素的工艺研究

以油茶饼粕为原料，采用乙醇提取-丙酮沉淀法对茶皂素进行提取分离。以茶皂素纯度和得率为考察指标，对乙醇体积分数、液料比、提取温度、提取时间、提取次数、提取液浓缩程度和丙酮用量等工艺参数进行了单因素优化。结果表明：体积分数95%的乙醇为提取溶剂，乙醇与预处理过的油茶饼粕液料比为9：1（mL：g），提取温度为70℃，提取时间为4 h，提取次数为2次，提取液浓缩至刚好有固体析出，丙酮用量为4倍浓缩液体积量时提取分离效果较佳，得到的茶皂素纯度为85.17%，得率为9.82%。不同溶剂打浆对产品纯化效果的比较发现：丙酮、乙酸乙酯、无水乙醇、体积分数95%的乙醇作为打浆纯化溶剂用于提高茶皂素纯度效果均不明显。     

乙醇-氨水浸提法提取油茶饼粕中茶皂素的工艺研究

研究乙醇-氨水浸提法从油茶饼粕中提取茶皂素的提取工艺。以乙醇为提取剂,分别考察提取次数、氨水量、乙醇浓度、料液比、提取温度、提取时间对茶皂素得率的影响,再经正交试验L16(45)得到茶皂素最佳提取工艺为:提取温度78℃,脱脂茶枯质量与溶剂体积的比值(料液比)为1∶10(g/mL),提取时间55 m in,乙醇水溶液的体积分数为70%,氨水的体积分数为0.1%,其茶皂素得率达到22.41%。     

超声波辅助乙醇法提取茶皂素工艺优化

以脱脂后的茶籽饼粕为原料,采用超声波辅助乙醇法提取茶皂素,并用香草醛-浓硫酸显色法测定茶皂素提取率。以茶皂素提取率为考核指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验确定最佳的提取工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数80%、超声波功率400 W、超声波作用时间40min、温度50℃、液料比8∶1(mL∶g),在此条件下,茶皂素提取率达到13.27%。     

EM菌预处理黄姜皂素废水中的应用

本文通过对黄姜废水的水质分析,设计并检验了铁碳微电解-Fenton-絮凝-EM处理方案.主要研究的是EM菌对预处理废水的深度降解,并通过逐一对影响处理效果的的各方面因子等进行了比较分析并讨论了其影响特点.实验结果表明,对于有机黄姜皂素废水,本方案的去除率可以普遍到达98％以上.影响因子分析表明,在温度32℃条件下,EM菌处理预处理废水pH为5左右时,EM投加量为水样的0.7％,处理时间为48h时,处理效果最好.     

水提发酵法纯化茶皂素的工艺研究

以脱脂油茶饼粕为原料,研究了水提发酵法纯化茶皂素的工艺,得出较佳的工艺参数为：酶a添加量为0．30％,酶b添加量为0．35％,酵母液与待发酵液体积比为1：10,同时,研究结果表明水提发酵法较常规水提法所得产品纯度有很大的提高,较乙醇溶液浸提法及醇提正丁醇萃取法所得产品纯度相差不大但提取率有所提高。