某垃圾焚烧厂循环冷却水的硬度控制效果

针对南京市某生活垃圾焚烧发电厂循环冷却水硬度高、循环管道及冷却塔材料表面结垢严重的问题,开展循环冷却水的硬度控制小试试验,并进行生产化试验.采用加药絮凝沉淀法考察了Ca(OH)2、NaOH、阻垢剂、阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)等药剂对循环冷却水硬度试验的影响.结果 表明:与只添加Ca(OH)2或共同添加Ca(OH)2、阻垢剂相比,将Ca(OH)2替换为NaOH后,循环水硬度去除率得到了显著的提高;与只投加NaOH相比,组合投加NaOH和阻垢剂时,废水硬度由800.8mg/L降至260.26 mg/L,去除率达67.5％.通过在南京某垃圾焚烧发电厂进行生产化试验后,试验结果表明,通过合理调节NaOH和阻垢剂用量,可以很好地实现现场循环水硬度去除率为50％的目标.     

不同茶类酸奶的研制

目的研制茶味酸奶,增加酸奶产品的多样性。方法采用6大茶类为原料,利用响应面优化方法确定茶叶酸奶的最佳配方。结果普洱茶、红茶、白茶、黄茶、绿茶、乌龙茶制作的茶叶酸奶最佳配方为:浸提茶汤茶水比为1:10,浸提温度为90℃,浸提时长为20min;牛奶中茶汤添加量5%,白砂糖添加量8%,菌种接种量2%,发酵时间6 h,发酵温度为42℃时制作的茶叶酸奶品质具佳。结论鲜牛奶中添加5%茶汤,在42℃下发酵6 h制作的茶叶酸奶奶香浓郁,与牛奶融合较好,具有独特口感与茶香,比普通酸奶滋味醇厚。     

Functional organisation of the endomembrane network in the digestive gland of the Venus flytrap: revisiting an old story with a new microscopy toolbox

Up-to-date imaging approaches were used to address the spatiotemporal organisation of the endomembrane system in secretory cells of Dionaea muscipula. Different ‘slice and view’ methodologies were performed on resin-embedded samples to finally achieve a 3D reconstruction of the cell architecture, using ultrastructural tomography, array tomography, serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), correlation, and volume rendering at the light microscopy level. Observations of cryo-fixed samples by high-pressure freezing revealed changes of the endomembrane system that occur after trap activation and prey digestion. They provide evidence for an original strategy that adapts the secretory machinery to a specific and unique case of stimulated exocytosis in plant cells. A first secretion peak is part of a rapid response to deliver digestive fluids to the cell surface, which delivers the needed stock of digestive materials ‘on site’. The second peak of activity could then be associated with the reconstruction of the Golgi apparatus (GA), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and vacuolar machinery, in order to prepare for a subsequent round of prey capture. Tubular continuum between ER and Golgi stacks observed on ZIO-impregnated tissues may correspond to an efficient transfer mechanism for lipids and/or proteins, especially for use in rapidly resetting the molecular GA machinery. The occurrence of one vacuolar continuum may permit continuous adjustment of cell homeostasy. The subcellular features of the secretory cells of Dionaea muscipula outline key innovations in the organisation of plant cell compartmentalisation that are used to cope with specific cell needs such as the full use of the GA as a protein factory, and the ability to create protein reservoirs in the periplasmic space. Shape-derived forces of the pleiomorphic vacuole may act as signals to accompany the sorting and entering flows of the cell.     

广东小作坊生产花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1膳食暴露及风险评估

对广东居民通过小作坊花生油对黄曲霉毒素B_1的膳食暴露及其产生的健康风险进行评价。采用点评估模型对广东不同年龄人群通过花生油对黄曲霉毒素B_1的膳食暴露情况进行评估,按照联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会推荐的方法对黄曲霉毒素B_1引发的肝癌风险进行评价。结果表明:2017年广东地区小作坊花生油黄曲霉毒素B_1超标率11. 8%,检出率56. 9%;各年龄组高消费水平暴露量规律为7～14岁 15～50岁 50岁以上 2～6岁,15～50岁、50岁以上、2～6岁3个年龄段女性高消费水平暴露量大于男性;高消费人群由于花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1的膳食暴露引发肝癌的风险为7～14岁男性少年儿童危险度最大,高消费水平肝癌贡献率最高,达28. 9%。高消费人群花生油中黄曲霉毒素B_1引发肝癌的风险相对较高,应对全省小作坊花生油黄曲霉毒素污染予以足够的重视。     

镀锌层硅酸盐+虫胶复合转化膜的制备和表征

目的阻碍热镀锌板出现白锈,提高镀锌层的耐腐蚀性能。方法采用正交试验法优化出添加虫胶水溶液的有机无机复合钝化液。通过电化学Tafel极化曲线、交流阻抗(EIS)、乙酸铅点滴和中性盐雾试验,对比分析基体、硅酸盐+虫胶复合钝化膜与铬酸盐钝化膜的耐腐蚀性能。采用摩擦法测试对比分析基体和无铬钝化膜试样的附着性能,并通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱和红外光谱对形貌和结构进行分析。结果添加虫胶水溶液的复合钝化膜表面平整致密,72 h中性盐雾试验后的腐蚀面积小于10%。乙酸铅点滴试验和电化学测试显示,复合钝化膜的耐腐蚀性能较基体好。附着力试验测试显示,复合钝化膜具有良好的附着能力。结论因为复合钝化液中的虫胶与硅酸盐交织为O—Si—CH_2结构,与金属离子结合生成致密的膜层附着在镀锌层表面,使得复合钝化膜致密平整,且使腐蚀过程得到了强烈的抑制。     

Robust model for optimization of forming process for metallic bipolar plates of cleaner energy production system

Energy production systems such as proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has a promising future in the cleaner energy market due to zero emissions. Rubber pad forming (RPF) process of metallic bipolar plates of PEMFCs is gaining attention among the researchers. Studies based on design of experiments have been conducted to find the crucial parameters of the forming process. These methods are based on the assumptions of the model structure, correlated residuals, etc., which can cause uncertainty in estimation ability of the model on unseen data. Therefore, the present study focuses on the design of robust models of these parameters for PEMFCs using an optimization approach of genetic programming (GP). The inputs from the experiments considered in GP are radius, the friction coefficient, the filling factor and the minimum thickness. Experiments on PEMFCs validates the performance of the GP models. Further, the relationships between the two inputs and the three outputs for PEMFCs are generated as well as the contributions of each input to each of the output. Optimization of the models generated by GP can further determine the forming quality of metallic bipolar plates of PEMFCs by an appropriate setting of the two inputs.     

Experimental and optimization of material synthesis process parameters for improving capacity of lithium‐ion battery

New methods for synthesis of active materials have been developed to improve capacity and cycle life performance of lithium‐ion batteries. Past studies have focused on routes of development of materials and new processes, which might not be economical for large‐scale production. In this regard, this study examines a widely employed carbothermal reduction technology for the synthesis of lithium‐iron phosphate (LiFePO₄/C) and investigates effects of process conditions during this synthesis on final battery performance. An experimental combined genetic programming approach is used to model the effects of crucial process conditions (sintering time, the carbon content, and the sintering temperature) on the discharge capacity of the assembled battery. Experiments are conducted to collect the discharge capacity data based on varying LiFePO₄/C synthesis conditions, and genetic programming is employed to develop a suitable functional relationship between them. The results show that the battery discharge capacity is controlled significantly by adjusting sintering temperature and carbon content, while the effect of sintering time is found to be insignificant. Further, the interaction effect of the sintering time and carbon content is much more obvious than that of the sintering time and the sintering temperature. The findings from the study pave the way for the optimum design of the synthesis process of LiFePO₄/C for a higher battery performance.     

鱼胶原蛋白肽对高脂膳食小鼠肝脏脂肪代谢和氧化还原状态的影响

目的:研究鱼胶原蛋白肽(fish collagen peptides,FCPs)对高脂膳食(high-fat diet,HFD)小鼠肝脏脂肪代谢和氧化还原状态的影响。方法:54只C57BL/6雄性小鼠按体质量随机分为正常膳食组(CON)、HFD组(HF)和FCPs干预HFD组(PHF)。每周记录各组小鼠体质量,并按体质量把每组小鼠随机均分为两批,分别在第11和22周宰杀,测定采食量、脂肪表观消化率;肝脏中甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇和游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid,FFA)含量;肝脏脂代谢相关基因乙酰辅酶A羧化酶1、脂肪酸合成酶、固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c、胆固醇7α-羟化酶(cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1,CYP7A1)、过氧化物激活受体α(peroxisome proliferatoractivatedreceptorα,PPARα)和肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶1(carnitinepalmity1transferase1,CPT1)的mRNA表达水平,肝脏氧化还原状态相关指标活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、丙二醛、总抗氧化能力(totalantioxidant capacity,T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathion peroxidase,GSH-Px)活力和还原型/氧化型谷胱甘肽的水平。结果:第22周时,与HF组相比,PHF组小鼠的采食量、脂肪和能量摄入显著增加(P0.05),肝脏的TG、FFA、脂肪空泡和脂肪浸润面积比明显降低(P0.05),脂肪分解关键基因CYP7A1、PPARα和CPT1的mRNA表达水平显著上调(P0.05),肝脏的ROS水平显著降低(P0.05),T-AOC水平和GSH-Px活力显著升高(P0.05)。结论:质量分数1%FCPs干预可能通过改善HFD小鼠肝脏氧化还原状态,促进肝脏脂肪分解代谢,起到减少小鼠肝脏脂肪蓄积和改善脂代谢。     

聚乙烯材料的拉伸疲劳动力学模型

高分子材料的疲劳破坏过程无论是机理还是现象都与金属材料有较大的不同,不能将金属的疲劳曲线[应力-寿命(S-N)曲线]的拟合模型直接用于高分子材料。在微观缺陷集中的动力学模型基础上进行修正,提出了存在平均应力下的高分子拉伸疲劳动力学模型,并应用于一种聚乙烯材料的拉伸疲劳试验中。结果表明,该模型能够准确地描述聚乙烯材料的拉伸疲劳行为,并且具有良好的稳定性。     

小型体化污水处理设备工艺研究

分析了我国农村和小城镇污水水质、水量的特点,以及目前一体化污水处理设备在农村和小城镇污水处理中应用时所存在的问题。提出了一种小型一体化污水处理设备（MST）,该设备在工艺上借鉴生物膜法中的生物接触氧化法和流动床工艺．采用模块化设计的理念,将气提反应模块代替传统二沉池。通过中试试验验证了该设备具有良好的去除有机物、氨氯和SS的效果,特别是出水SS的质量浓度能够稳定达到10mg／L以下。为我国农村和小城镇污水处理提供新的解决办法。