外源酶制剂在传统腊肉现代化工艺改造中的应用

选用中性蛋白酶和脂肪酶作为外源酶制剂应用于腊肉生产,采用均匀设计方法对中性蛋白酶添加量、脂肪酶添加量、滚揉时间及静腌时间4个关键工艺指标进行了筛选优化,比较分析了传统工艺腊肉与外源酶快速成熟腊肉的风味前体物质、蛋白质水解成分以及脂肪氧化指标的变化情况。结果表明:中性蛋白酶和脂肪酶的添加能够有效地促进腊肉风味前体物质的累积;随外源酶添加量的增加,腊肉蛋白质水解程度显著升高,非蛋白氮、游离氨基酸、酸价指标均显著上升,硫代巴比妥酸值呈现先升高后降低的趋势。当中性蛋白酶添加量达到200 mg/kg以上时,腊肉蛋白质水解程度超过20%,当脂肪酶添加量为600 mg/kg时,腊肉酸价达到最高1.52 mg/g。与传统工艺腊肉相比,外源酶快速成熟腊肉中的风味物质更加丰富,非蛋白氮质量分数和游离氨基酸总量均显著增加,17种游离氨基酸中有7种质量分数显著上升。外源酶制剂对腊肉风味的形成发挥着重要的促进作用,有效降低了产品食盐添加量,大大缩短了产品工艺周期,在传统腊肉现代化工艺改造中具有重要的应用价值。     

嗜酸乳杆菌ATCC4356分选酶A基因克隆、表达及功能分析

分选酶在细菌对宿主细胞的黏附过程中具有重要作用。为探究乳酸菌分选酶的特性及与其他致病菌分选酶的差异,以嗜酸乳杆菌ATCC4356为模板,构建分选酶A(sortase A,SrtA)重组表达载体p ET28a-SrtA_(ΔN48),转入大肠杆菌感受态细胞Transetta(DE3)内表达,使用Dabcyl-QALPTTGEE(Edans)探究其酶活特性。结果发现:嗜酸乳杆菌ATCC4356 SrtA(Lap-SrtA_(ΔN48))分子质量为20 k Da左右;Mg~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)可提高Lap-SrtAΔN48的转肽能力;Ca~(2+)不会影响SrtAΔN48的活性,明显区别于致病菌;且分选酶抑制剂查尔酮会抑制Lap-SrtA_(ΔN48)的活性。进一步通过蛋白质同源建模分析发现Lap-SrtA由8条中心β桶状结构互相折叠而成,属于经典的分选酶结构,Lap-SrtA的活性位点为His137、Cys198、Arg205。     

Essential oils from plants of the genus Cymbopogon as natural insecticides to control stored product pests

The repellent and fumigant activities of essential oils (EOs) isolated from plants of the Cymbopogon genus against adults of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch were investigated. Cymbopogon martinii was the most toxic EO with LC₅₀ values of 37.2 and 159 μL/L air for O. surinamensis and S. zeamais, respectively. Cymbopogon nardus EO showed greatest repellent activity with RC₅₀ values of 0.03 and 0.04 μL/cm², respectively, for examined pests. All oils were more effective as repellents than the commercial product IR3535, and O. surinamensis was more sensitive than S. zeamais to the EOs. These results suggest that EOs isolated from plants of the genus Cymbopogon can play an important role in stored grain protection and reduce the risks associated with the use of synthetic insecticides.     

Controlling Au electrode patterns for simultaneously monitoring electrical actuation and shape recovery in shape memory polymer

This paper presents an effective approach to achieve efficient electrical actuation and monitoring of shape recovery based on patterned Au electrodes on shape memory polymer (SMP). The electrically responsive shape recovery behavior was characterized and monitored by the evolution change in electrical resistance of patterned Au electrode. Both electrical actuation and temperature distribution in the SMP have been improved by optimizing the Au electrode patterns. The electrically actuated shape recovery behavior and temperature evolution during the actuation were monitored and characterized. The resistance changes could be used to detect beginning/finishing points of the shape recovery. Therefore, the Au electrode not only significantly enhances the electrical actuation performance to achieve a fast electrical actuation, but also enables the resistance signal to detect the free recovery process.     

Toxic response of aquatic organisms to guide application of artemisinin sustained-release granule algaecide

In our previous study, we prepared the granules by embedding artemisinin into alginate-chitosan using microcapsule technology. Thesgranules can release artemisinin sustainably and have a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of both single Microcystis aeruginosa and mixealgae. To safely and effectively use artemisinin sustained-release granules to control algal blooms, the ecotoxicity was studied by assessing theacute and chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna(D. magna) and Danio rerio(D. rerio), along with their antioxidant activities. The results showethat the 48-h median effective concentration(EC50) of pure artemisinin to D. magna was 24.54 mg/L and the 96-h median lethal concentratio(LC50) of pure artemisinin to D. rerio was 68.08 mg/L. Both values were classified as intermediate toxicity according to the Organization foEconomic Co-operation and Development(OECD). The optimal algae inhibitory concentration of artemisinin sustained-release granules(1 g/Lhad low acute toxicity to both D. magna and D. rerio. The sustained-release granules had higher chronic toxicity to D. magna than to D. reriPartial indices of D. magna were inhibited by granules when the concentrations were larger than 0.1 g/L. Low granule concentration had ainductive effect on antioxidant enzyme activities in D. magna and D. rerio. With the increase of the exposure concentration and time, the enzymactivity presented a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and the overall changes were significant. The change trend and range of enzymactivity indicated that the granules could cause serious oxidative stress to D. magna and D. rerio, and the changes were consistent with the resultof toxicity experimentation.     

Enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of Bi2Ti2O7 nanopowders synthesised via Pechini vs Co-Precipitation method

Bi₂Ti₂O₇ nanopowders were synthesised via two different methods i.e. Pechini (P) and Co-Precipitation (C) method by annealing at 550 °C for 16 h. The effect of synthesis technique on photocatalytic activity of Bi₂Ti₂O₇ nanopowders was extensively studied. Formation of pure Bi₂Ti₂O₇ pyrochlore phase was observed in both samples. Various crystallographic parameters obtained by reitveld analysis of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) spectra of both samples infer the formation of a highly loose crystallographic structure in P sample. The smaller crystallite size of P sample correlates with the observed blue shift in the Raman spectra, furthermore decreasing the particle size in P sample. P sample exhibits higher specific surface area, mean pore diameter and total pore volume which is inferred by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. Higher photocatalytic activity of P sample can be attributed to the formation of distorted crystallographic structure and higher specific surface area.     

石墨烯量子点在生物传感和成像技术中的应用

石墨烯量子点具有许多吸引人的优点,如低细胞毒性、溶解能力强、稳定的光致发光、良好的生物相容性、高比表面积、电子高迁移率和可调节带隙等,因此,适用于构建传感系统和生物成像。根据近几年来,基于石墨烯量子点性质构建的光学生物传感器和电化学生物传感器以及石墨烯量子点在生物成像技术中的应用进行了综述。     

地板辐射供冷-置换通风的实验研究

为了研究地板辐射供冷的热工性能,测试了北京地区不同室外气温下地板辐射供冷系统的运行工况,得到了该系统的制冷量,地板表面温度,室内温度场分布等参数,并且把单独地板辐射供冷系统的运行参数与地板辐射供冷-置换通风复合式系统进行了对比,提出了将地板辐射供冷与置换通风配合用于夏季空调室内供冷除湿的新型空调方式,置换通风系统在近地面处形成干燥空气层,可有效防止夏季热湿天气在地板表面出现结露现象,并且使这种新型空调系统条件下地面与室内的换热得到强化.通过理论分析和实验研究指出这是一种舒适、节能的空调方式.     

河道滚水坝对水体溶解氧及有机物浓度的影响

为定量研究河道滚水坝对水体溶解氧和高锰酸盐指数的影响,选择一城市河道小型滚水坝,在坝前和坝下设监测点,定期监测水质变化.结果表明：污染河水流经小型滚水坝后,水中溶解氧浓度平均增加了1.75 mg/L,夏季增加的最为明显,最大增加值发生在7月,达2.43 mg/L;水中部分污染物的降解使水体的CODMn负荷减轻,滚水坝对CODMn的平均去除率为3.81%.滚水坝对城市河道污染水体可起到一定的净化作用.     

对当前中国城市发展若干问题的思考

改革开放以来,我国城市化水平虽然有了较大的提高,但仍处于较低的水平（36％①）,城市化发展的动力来源由一元向多元转化,沿海地区外资导向型城市化不断发展。在以集中型城市化为主的阶段,主要应依托城乡经济的发展来推进城市化。在肯定大城市在社会经济发展中的积极作用的同时要全面认识大城市,城市建设要以紧凑城市为目标。在城市规划建设过程中,应充分考虑世界发展新趋势对城市发展的影响,建设混合社区和多中心城市,取得发展的主动权,实现城市住区的可持续发展。