Optimised phase compositions and improved microwave dielectric properties based on calcium tin silicates

The Ca_(1+2y)Sn_(1-x)Si_(1+y)O_(5-2x+4y) low-permittivity microwave dielectric ceramics were prepared through solid-state reaction at 1350–1450 °C for 5 h. The relations between microwave dielectric properties and phase compositions for non-stoichiometric Ca_(1+2y)Sn_(1-x)Si_(1+y)O_(5-2x+4y) ceramics have been investigated. A single CaSnSiO₅ phase with abnormally positive temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τ_f = + 62.5 ppm/°C) was synthesised at 1450 °C. This composition was an effective τ_f compensator of CaSiO₃ and Ca₃SnSi₂O₉ phases with typically negative τ_f value. The CaSiO₃ second phase was related to the Sn deficiency in the CaSn_(1-x)SiO_(5-2x) (0 < x < 1.0) composition, whereas the Ca₃SnSi₂O₉ second phase was obtained by controlling the Ca:Sn:Si ratios on the basis of the Ca_(1+2y)SnSi_(1+y)O_(5+4y) (0 < y < 1.0) composition. A promising low-permittivity millimetre-wave ceramic with most excellent microwave dielectric properties (ε_r = 10.2, Q×f = 81,000 GHz and τ_f = −4.8 ppm/°C) was produced from the Ca_(1+2y)SnSi_(1+y)O_(5+4y) (y = 0.4) ceramic.     

异质结光晶体管的研究与进展

回顾了异质结光晶体管(HPT)在近年来的重要进展,综合分析了HPT的工作原理以及影响其性能的主要参数。综述了不同材料制作的HPT的研究现状,得出了目前限制HPT发展的主要因素及当前应重点解决由于基区表面复合等效应导致的增益下降和由于结电容的充放电限制的响应带宽等问题的结论。     

Pool boiling of saturated FC-72 on nano-porous surface

Pool boiling heat transfer from nano-porous surface immersed in a saturated FC-72 dielectric fluid has been experimentally studied at atmospheric pressure (101 kPa). The data obtained from nano-porous surface (Anodisc 25) of thickness about 70 μm made from aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) obtained from Whatman, were compared to that of a plain surface (aluminum) of thickness about 105 μm. From the experimental data obtained it was evident that there is a reduction of about 30% in the incipient superheat for the applied power for nano-porous surface over plain surface. SEM photographs of the nano-porous coating were taken for determining the size of the pores.     

Electrical properties of dysprosium phthalocyanine films

Forty-four nanometers thick films of alkyl-substituted dysprosium phthalocyanine molecules were prepared on carefully cleaned indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates by the spin casting method. UV–vis absorption spectra and dc conduction characteristics were obtained in order to investigate the structure–conduction property relationship. The conduction is Ohmic at low applied voltages but the space charge limited mechanism is prevalent at relatively high voltages. The conductivities of both as-deposited and heat treated films are found to show directionally anisotropic behaviour. The columnar conductivity was found to be significantly large in the liquid crystalline state.     

Effect of charge trapping species of cupric ions on the photocatalytic oxidation of resorcinol

The photocatalytic oxidation of resorcinol, a potent endocrine disrupting chemical, in oxygenated aqueous suspensions of pure and cupric ions modified Degussa P25 titanium dioxide has been investigated at pH 3.0 ± 0.5. The initial rate of photocatalytic oxidation of resorcinol increased until an optimum dissolved cupric ions concentration was reached at 1.04 mM. At the optimum concentration of cupric ions, the initial rate of photocatalytic mineralisation and degradation of resorcinol was improved by 400%. The observed beneficial effect of cupric ions on the initial rate of resorcinol oxidation could be attributed to the formation of complex and its participation in the photoredox cyclic reaction.Two of the initial oxidation intermediates detected were 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. These intermediates were formed via hydroxylation of the aromatic ring of resorcinol. Evidences have revealed that 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene interacted strongly with cupric ions forming copper(II)-trihydroxybenzoate complexes that possessed good adsorption onto TiO₂ surface. These dual-effects help to draw the metal ions closer to the photocatalyst surface and subsequently trigger the electron trapping mechanism by cupric ions. As a result, this improved the charge carriers’ separation. Furthermore, in the presence of oxygen, reoxidation of photoreduced cupric ions occurred and this eliminated the possibility of copper photodeposition, while inducing a photoredox cyclic reaction to regenerate copper species that may potentially act as co-catalyst for the oxidation of 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. In contrast, no obvious complex formation was seen between 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene and cupric ions. This pointed to an intriguing finding which indicates that the positioning of functional group on benzene ring influences the role of cupric ions.     

无线网状网技术与应用

无线网状网(WMNs)由网状路由器节点和客户机节点组成,其中的网状路由器节点组成了无线网状网的网络骨干,其移动性很小。他们一起为无线网状网和其他常规无线网络的客户机节点提供网络的无线接入。WMNs技术结合了中心式控制的蜂窝网与分布式控制的无线自组织网的优点,可有效克服这两种技术的缺陷并显著提高无线网络的性能,已经成为下一代无线通信网络的研究热点之一。WMNs可为无线个域网、局域网、校园网、城域网的一系列应用提供高速无线宽带接入服务。虽然目前WMNs技术发展很快,但其协议栈各层仍存在许多有待研究的课题。首先简要介绍了无线网状网的结构与特点;随后重点分析了其主要的几个应用领域;最后探讨了WMNs各协议层的研究现状与关键技术,并分析了该技术存在的问题及未来的研究方向。     

A transaction-based method for allocation of transmission grid cost and losses

The problem of grid cost and losses allocation may be divided into independent subproblems: allocation of branch flow and losses to transactions, definition of these transactions and cost allocation to transactions. From this final allocation, the charges to participants in transactions may be made straightforwardly. A differential, slack-invariant method for the allocation of flow and losses to transactions that makes use of the AC load flow equation is presented here. The definition of transactions must be addressed using a non-discriminatory rule in pool systems. There are many possible options for this definition, and the choice made has great influence on the results. Cost allocation, on the other hand, may be made in different ways, as well. The paper presents an allocation process that addresses all these issues. Results for the IEEE-RTS96 test system are obtained and discussed.     

An efficient face segmentation algorithm based on binary partition tree

This paper presents an efficient face segmentation algorithm based on binary partition tree. Skin-like regions are first obtained by integrating the results of pixel classification and watershed segmentation. Facial features are extracted by the techniques of valley detection and entropic thresholding, and are used to refine the skin-like regions. In order to segment the facial regions from the skin-like regions, a novel region merging algorithm is proposed by considering the impact of the common border ratio between adjacent regions, and the binary partition tree is used to represent the whole region merging process. Then the facial likeness of each node in the binary partition tree is evaluated using a set of fuzzy membership functions devised for a number of facial primitives of geometrical, elliptical and facial features. Finally, an efficient algorithm of node selecting in the binary partition tree is proposed for the final face segmentation, which can exactly segment the faces without any underlying assumption. The performance of the proposed face segmentation algorithm is demonstrated by experimental results carried out on a variety of images in different scenarios.     

Optimum thermoeconomic and thermodynamic performance characteristics of an irreversible three-heat-source heat pump

The coefficient of performance and specific heating load of an irreversible three-heat-source heat pump are given by using a general cycle model affected by the finite-rate heat transfer, heat leak and internal irreversibility of the cyclic working fluid. The heat pumping load divided by the total cost per unit time is taken as a new objective function and used to investigate the performance of the heat pump. The thermoeconomic and thermodynamic performance characteristics of the heat pump are discussed in detail. Some important performance parameters such as the thermoeconomic objective function and coefficient of performance are optimized. The optimally operating regions of the heat pump and the bounds of several performance parameters are determined. Finally, it is pointed out that the Carnot heat pump may be taken as a special case of a three-heat-source heat pump and consequently its optimal performance can be directly derived from the results obtained here.