混合物联合暴露风险评估方法进展及其对我国构建相关体系借鉴作用

基于人类通过多种途径暴露于多种物质,以及混合物共存可能诱导联合毒性效应的现实,混合物联合暴露风险评估受到国际社会的广泛关注。许多国家依据各自提出的评估指南开展风险评估,其评估结果为科学决策提供依据。本文通过分析国际上混合物联合暴露风险评估模型构建方法和框架,探讨构建我国食品中混合物联合作用风险评估体系和框架。     

控锻控冷工艺对GCr15轴承钢力学性能的影响

探究不同控锻控冷热处理工艺对GCr15钢力学性能的影响,测试了它的回火稳定性、冲击性能、滚动接触疲劳寿命。结果表明,采用控锻控冷工艺可提高试样的抗回火稳定性,冲击性能提高50%以上,接触疲劳寿命提高40%以上。     

Current major degradation methods for aflatoxins: A review

BackgroundAflatoxins are strong cancerogenic compounds predominantly produced by certain strains of the Aspergillus genus. Due to their extreme stability in different conditions, it is very difficult to remove them completely in human diet and animal feeds. In this way aflatoxins are triggering numerous healthy problems (such as liver cancer) and thus becoming a huge burden to the hygiene system and food industry worldwide.Scope and approachTherefore, seeking for an effective technique to degrade aflatoxins to a threshold level has been a “hot-topic” among researchers. Traditional methods to detoxify aflatoxins include physical and chemical treatments, such as an extrusion cooking process and ammoniation, respectively. Meanwhile a bio-degradation by microorganisms gains its popularity due to its friendliness to both environment and body health. Natural phytochemicals (plant extracts) which have great capability to remove aflatoxins without causing any damage on human and animals come out as an improvement.Key findings and conclusionHowever, a fully and systematically discussion of the methods of detoxification for aflatoxins is still not available. Therefore, in the present review we briefly enumerate several traditional strategies, update newly methods, particularly the potential use of natural phytochemicals, and discuss some mechanisms during the detoxification period, summarizing merits and demerits of these methods. We suggest that this important information and our humble opinions could help researchers to understand the degradation of methods for aflatoxins.     

Zinc-doped hydroxyapatite and poly(propylene fumarate) nanocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a bioceramic material that shares similar crystal and chemical structures with inorganic components of the bone. However, HA lacks osteoinductive activity and has a brittle nature, making it challenging to apply for direct load-bearing bone applications. In this study, we used a wet chemical method to synthesize zinc-doped hydroxyapatite powders with different Zn/(Zn+Ca) molar ratios of 0, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1. The corresponding Zn-HA was designated as HA, Zn2.5-HA, Zn5-HA, and Zn10-HA. The Zn-HA powders at 30 wt% were used to fabricate poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF)-based nanocomposite scaffolds (HA/PPF, Zn2.5-HA/PPF, Zn5-HA/PPF, and Zn10-HA/PPF). The physical properties of obtained scaffolds were examined by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Live/dead cell viability assay showed that these scaffolds were biocompatible and supported excellent adhesion of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells. Additionally, the proliferation of cells was detected at 1, 4, and 7 days on these scaffolds. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity measurement and alizarin red staining showed good osteogenic differentiation and matrix mineralization for MC3T3-E1 cells growing on these scaffolds. Taken together, the results here indicate that Zn5-HA/PPF nanocomposite scaffolds are promising scaffold material for bone tissue engineering.

Graphical abstract

     

Q235钢海洋大气腐蚀暴露试验研究

采用Q235钢在海南万宁距海岸95m、25m和海洋平台3个暴露点进行了半年大气腐蚀暴露试验,同时持续监测各暴露点空气中的氯离子含量.利用视频显微镜观测样品锈层的腐蚀形貌,采用比浊法测定腐蚀产物中氯离子含量,使用FTIR光谱仪分析锈层的物相组成.结果表明,样品的朝阳面和背阳面腐蚀形貌存在较大差异,各暴露点样品腐蚀深度与各点空气中及锈层中的氯离子含量密切相关,腐蚀产物的主相为γ-FeOOH和Fe3O4,次相为α-FeOOH和δ-FeOOH.     

Biliverdin Reductase A (BVRA) Mediates Macrophage Expression of Interleukin-10 in Injured Kidney

Biliverdin reductase A is an enzyme, with serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activation, converting biliverdin (BV) to bilirubin (BR) in heme degradation pathway. It has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect in monocytes and human glioblastoma. However, the function of BVRA in polarized macrophage was unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of BVRA on macrophage activation and polarization in injured renal microenvironment. Classically activated macrophages (M1macrophages) and alternative activation of macrophages (M2 macrophages) polarization of murine bone marrow derived macrophage was induced by GM-CSF and M-CSF. M1 polarization was associated with a significant down-regulation of BVRA and Interleukin-10 (IL-10), and increased secretion of TNF-α. We also found IL-10 expression was increased in BVRA over-expressed macrophages, while it decreased in BVRA knockdown macrophages. In contrast, BVRA over-expressed or knockdown macrophages had no effect on TNF-α expression level, indicating BVRA mediated IL-10 expression in macrophages. Furthermore, we observed in macrophages infected with recombinant adenoviruses BVRA gene, which BVRA over-expressed enhanced both INOS and ARG-1 mRNA expression, resulting in a specific macrophage phenotype. Through in vivo study, we found BVRA positive macrophages largely existed in mice renal ischemia perfusion injury. With the treatment of the regular cytokines GM-CSF, M-CSF or LPS, excreted in the injured renal microenvironment, IL-10 secretion was significantly increased in BVRA over-expressed macrophages. In conclusion, the BVRA positive macrophage is a source of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in injured kidney, which may provide a potential target for treatment of kidney disease.     

Construction of MnO2 nanosheets@graphenated carbon nanotube networks core-shell heterostructure on 316L stainless steel as binder-free supercapacitor electrodes

Carbon nanotubes are regarded as typical and promising electrode materials in supercapacitors. However, small specific capacitance of carbon nanotubes restricts the practical application in high energy density devices. Herein, MnO₂ nanosheets@graphenated carbon nanotube networks are synthesized directly on 316L stainless steel as binder-free electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors. Graphenated carbon nanotube networks are grown in-situ on stainless steel by chemical vapor deposition method followed by annealing treatment. Subsequently, MnO₂ nanosheets are uniformly deposited on graphenated carbon nanotube networks to construct core-shell heterostructure based on the facile hydrothermal reaction using KMnO₄ as the precursor. Core carbon nanotube networks can offer a stable structural backbone and shell MnO₂ nanosheets can shorten diffusion paths of ions. The MnO₂ nanosheets@graphenated carbon nanotube networks exhibit a high specific capacitance of 575.4 F g⁻¹ (areal capacitance of 274 mF cm⁻²) at the current density of 0.5 mA cm⁻² and good cycling stability (93% of capacity retention after 6000 cycles), due to the synergistic effects between pseudocapacitive MnO₂ nanosheets and conductive carbon nanotube networks. The developed synthetic strategy offers design guidelines for the construction of advanced binder-free electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors.     

基于改进型巴特勒矩阵的短波8元圆环阵列多波束技术研究

传统短波接收天线为单一的波束指向天线或全向天线。为提高接收天线增益,同时产生多个波束指向不同方向,提出利用巴特勒矩阵作为短波接收天线阵的无源波束形成网络。在传统8×8巴特勒矩阵结构的基础上,设计改进型8×8巴特勒矩阵。以均匀8元圆环阵列为天线模型,利用FEKO仿真分析了其天线特性。在3~11 MHz频段内,P2、P3、P6、P7四个端口分别在202.5°、292.5°、112.5°、22.5°方向上得到了方向性较强的单一波束,7 MHz时波束增益达到最大11.9 dBi,波瓣3 dB宽度平均为60°;在P1、P4、P5、P8端口产生相同的2个波瓣,7 MHz时其波束增益达到最大9.8 dBi,波瓣3 dB宽度平均为89°。由以上仿真分析得出,该改进型8×8巴特勒矩阵能够同时产生6个波束,波束覆盖8个方向,提高了波束的方向性,提高了天线增益。