卫星高光谱红外大气探测的正演模拟研究

利用精确的红外大气辐射传输计算模型KCARTA,模拟计算了光谱分辨率、通道光谱响应函数、光谱定标精度、大气倾斜路径和表面发射率对高光谱观测亮温的影响.正演计算的结果表明：1）提高光谱分辨率明显增加了可探测的大气亮温;2）各种内、外部因素的变化对高光谱仪器将产生远较低光谱仪器更大的观测亮温差.本研究可为我国高光谱大气探测仪器的设计以及高光谱大气探测反演算法研究的开展提供科学的参考依据.     

高光谱大气红外探测器通道选择方法及试验研究

考虑到高光谱大气红外探测器通道之间的相关性、变分同化的时效性等,需要进行通道选择。利用主成分—逐步回归法进行AIRS通道选择研究。由于短波CO2通道易受太阳光影响,分白天和夜晚进行。具体执行过程中,首先进行通道预处理,然后分别对温度和湿度雅可比矩阵进行主成分分析,并采用逐步回归法找出对前几个主成分影响较大的通道得到入选的通道子集。进而根据经验和实际观测资料,为了达到全局最优并兼顾局部,基于分区的思想,采用主成分—双区逐步回归法进行通道选择。结果表明:①利用AIRS进行反演时,合理选择通道是非常必要的;②主成分—双区逐步回归法得到的通道组合进行温度、湿度反演的误差整体比基于信息熵分步迭代小。〖JP〗     

新型紫外波段星载太阳定标板漫反射特性测量

星载太阳定标漫反板的漫反射朗伯特性及其辐照衰减特性直接决定了空间遥感仪器在轨辐射定标长期的精度和稳定性。为保证紫外高光谱探测仪的在轨辐射定标精度,在介绍目前常用太阳定标漫反板材料的基础上,提出了一种新型的紫外波段漫反板备选材料：高纯度不透明熔融石英材料HOD,并比对测试了该新型HOD漫反板与传统铝制漫反板的漫反射朗伯特性和辐照衰减特性。结果表明,32个等效太阳时(32ESH)的真空紫外辐照后,HOD漫反板在290 nm衰减为7.5%,优于传统铝制漫反板的10%。并且铝制漫反板在290 nm附近的朗伯特性最大余弦偏差约为40%,而HOD漫反板约为10%。因此,新型HOD漫反板在紫外波段的漫反射特性优于传统的铝制漫反板,可提高空间紫外遥感仪器的在轨辐射定标的长期精度。     

A method for monitoring the on-orbit performance of a satellite sensor infrared window band using oceanic drifters

In this study, we propose a method to monitor the on-orbit performance of a satellite sensor thermal emissive band (TEB) using oceanic drifters and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) data. Based on the radiance simulated using oceanic drifter data, NCEP data, and a radiative transfer model, we primarily aim to develop a method for the real-time monitoring of the on-orbit performance of a satellite sensor thermal emissive band. One month of Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) L1b radiance data from Channels 31 and 32 are used as proxy data to test this method. In this paper, we propose some improvements to the cloud test algorithm for this monitoring method, thereby significantly enhancing the quality of this method. We describe the sensitivity tests conducted to identify the important sources of errors. Our improvements eliminate the cases contaminated by clouds and influenced by non-uniform distribution of seawater temperature. Comparisons with Aqua MODIS data reveal systematic underestimations (0.48 ± 0.97 K for Channel 31, 0.36 ± 1.05 K for Channel 32) of this method. Our sensitivity analysis also reveals that surface emissivity and drifter temperature are likely to make the greatest contributions to the total uncertainty of this method. We should therefore correct systematical errors in the real-time monitoring algorithm for other satellite TEB sensors.     

Inverting a forest canopy reflectance model to retrieve the overstorey and understorey leaf area index for forest stands

In this article, the Kuusk–Nilson forest reflectance and transmittance (FRT) model was inverted to retrieve the overstorey and understorey leaf area index (OU-LAI) of forest stands in the Longmenhe forest nature reserve in China. Data from detailed sample sites were collected in 30 forest stands representing the typical vegetation community in the study area. An uncertainty and sensitivity matrix (USM) was used to analyse the sensitivity of the FRT model parameters based on these data. The results indicated that overstorey LAI strongly influenced stand reflectance, whereas understorey LAI had a much lower impact. To predict OU-LAI in forest stands, FRT model inversion is carried out by minimizing a merit function that provides a measure of the difference between the reflectance simulated by the FRT model and the reflectance originating from optimal band selection of Hyperion data. Various combinations of Hyperion bands were tested to evaluate the most effective wavelengths for the inversion of OU-LAI. The best estimates from 17 Hyperion bands (5 VIS, 8 NIR, 4 SWIR) by the FRT model inversion showed an R ²?=?0.41 and RMSE/mean?=?0.21 for overstorey LAI and R ²?=?0.49 and RMSE/mean?=?0.91 for understorey LAI. Advantages and disadvantages of FRT inversion for retrieval OU-LAI combined with Hyperion data are discussed.     

基于向量引用Platform-Oblivious内存连接优化技术

以MapD为代表的图分析数据库系统通过GPU、Phi等新型众核处理器来支持高性能分析处理,在面向复杂数据模式时连接操作仍然是重要的性能瓶颈.近年来,异构处理器逐渐成为高性能计算的主流平台,内存连接性能的研究从多核CPU平台扩展到新兴的众核处理器,但众多的研究成果并未系统地揭示连接算法性能、连接数据集大小、硬件架构之间的内在联系,难以为未来异构处理器平台的数据库提供连接平台优化选择策略.本文以面向多核CPU、Xeon Phi、GPU处理器平台的内存连接优化技术为目标,通过优化内存哈希表设计,实现以向量映射替代哈希映射操作,消除哈希代价对内存连接算法的影响,从而更加准确地测量内存连接算法在多核CPU的cache大小、Xeon Phi的cache大小、Xeon Phi的并发多线程、GPU的SIMT（单指令多线程）机制等硬件相关因素影响下的性能特征.实验结果表明,缓存与并发多线程机制是提高内存连接算法性能的重要影响因素.缓存机制对于满足cache大小的连接操作具有性能优势,而GPU的并发多线程机制则在较大表的连接操作中具有较高的性能,Xeon Phi则在满足其L2 cache大小的连接操作中具有最高性能.实验结果揭示了内存连接操作性能与异构处理器硬件特性的联系,为未来异构处理器平台内存数据库查询优化器提供了优化策略.     

Laboratory spectral calibration of TanSat and the influence of multiplex merging of pixels

This article first reviews the main characteristics of the High-Resolution Hyperspectral Sensor for carbon observation Grating Spectrometer (HRHS-GS) and discusses the impact of spectral resolution on gas absorption lines. The major content of this article is the laboratory calibration of HRHS-GS, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), instrument line shape (ILS), and the spectral resolution of each channel were achieved. The SNR results met the mission requirements for the 0.76 µm band, but missed the requirement for the two Carbon dioxide (CO₂) bands. To address this problem, the model ‘Multiplex Merging of Spectral Pixels’ was established to improve the SNR by increasing the incident energy of a single spectral channel. This process would lead to spectral broadening; the spectral resolution before and after that process was obtained. The transmittance spectra before and after multiplex merging were compared by the line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) to analyse the impact of spectral broadening on gas absorption lines. Next, the results were verified by experiment with a gas absorption cell. The results showed that ‘Multiplex Merging of Spectral Pixels’ could effectively improve the SNR. For the 0.76 µm band, the transmittance spectra before and after multiplex merging were almost the same; for the 1.61 µm band, the peak value of the transmittance spectra decays by about 5%; and for the 2.06 µm band, the attenuation of the transmittance spectra is smaller than 3%. Meanwhile, the spectral resolution after spectral broadening still satisfied the study’s requirement.     

FY-3A/MWHS在轨辐射定标及结果分析

风云三号A星微波湿度计(FY-3A/MWHS)是我国首次在轨定量遥感大气参数的高频微波辐射计,本文以发射前地面真空试验数据为基础完成了FY-3A/MWHS在轨辐射定标,利用同期在轨的同类载荷NOAA/AMSU-B数据进行在轨辐射定标对比分析,结果表明FY-3A/MWHS在轨星上定标观测基础数据在卫星绕地飞行一圈的观测过程中变化合理,经非线性偏差订正和天线订正等辐射定标处理后,FY-3A/MWHS与NOAA-17/AMSU-B对应通道定标结果相比匹配目标点通道亮温差最大不超过1.5 K,FY-3A/MWHS在轨辐射定标结果为其资料在数值天气预报模式中的同化以及大气参数反演等定量应用奠定了基础。FY-3A/MWHS定标及结果分析方法对我国未来星载被动微波探测器的在轨定量应用具有示范意义。     

Evaluation of MODIS water vapour products over China using radiosonde data

Radiosonde data collected from 83 stations in China from January to December 2012 were used to evaluate Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) near-infrared (NIR) and thermal infrared (IR) total precipitable water vapour (PWV) products. The results indicate that MODIS NIR PWV products shows better agreement with radiosonde data than with IR PWV products, with the correlation coefficients up to 0.95. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) of NIR PWV range from 2 to 8 mm with different stations, which shows significant regional differences over China. The mean RMSE is about 5.03 mm (~35%) with a positive deviation of 2.56 mm (~18%), indicating the occurrence of a slight overestimation. Moreover, MODIS IR PWV during night-time has a better agreement with radiosonde PWV than that during daytime. The mean RMSE of IR PWV during daytime was ~6.02 mm (~42%), with a positive deviation of 1.54 mm (~11%). The mean RMSE of IR PWV during night-time was ~5.81 mm (~40%), with a negative deviation of approximately ?0.04 mm (~0.25%). Both the NIR and IR PWV products during daytime tend to be higher than radiosonde PWV.     

Near-surface air temperature retrieval from Chinese Geostationary FengYun Meteorological Satellite (FY-2C) data

Spatially distributed near-surface air temperature data are a very important input parameter for several land-surface models. Such data are often lacking because there are few traditional meteorological stations. It is of great significance in both theoretical research and practical applications to retrieve air temperature data from remote-sensing observations. Based on the radiative transfer theory, this article addresses the estimate of near-surface air temperature from data from the first Chinese operational geostationary meteorological satellite, FengYun-2C (FY-2C), in two thermal infrared channels (IR1, 10.3–11.3 μm and IR2, 11.5–12.5 μm) and the MODIS atmospheric profile (MOD07) product, which provide profiles of water vapour and air temperature in different atmospheric layers. The algorithm involves only two essential parameters (transmittance and emissivity). Sensitivity analysis of the algorithm has been performed for evaluation of probable near-surface air temperature estimation error due to the possible errors in transmittance and emissivity. Results from the analysis indicate that the proposed algorithm is able to provide an accurate estimation of near-surface air temperature from FY-2C data. Results from the sensitivity analysis indicate that the average air temperature estimation error is less than 1.2 K for a possible transmittance error of 0.05 in both channels under an emissivity range 0.95–0.98. Assuming an error of 0.005 in ground emissivity for the two thermal channels, the average near-surface air temperature error is 0.6 K. Measured air temperature datasets have been used to validate the algorithm. All the validated data indicate that the estimate error is less than 3 K in more than 80% of the samples. The high accuracy for this dataset confirms the applicability of the proposed algorithm as an alternative method for accurate near-surface air temperature retrieval from FY-2C data.